SynthesisBreast cancer research and treatment2014
Digoxin use and risk of invasive breast cancer: evidence from the Nurses' Health Study and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Breast cancer research and treatment, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Digitalis Use and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Drug safety · 2017Pooled it
- Cardiac glycosides use and the risk and mortality of cancer; systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.PloS one · 2017Pooled it
- Statin use and risk of contralateral breast cancer: an updated cohort study with landmark analysis.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Factors Associated With Male Breast Cancer Incidence Among Prostate Cancer Survivors: Real World Evidence From Veterans Affairs National Prostate Cancer Data Core.The Prostate · 2026Article
- Heart failure pharmacotherapy and cancer: pathways and pre-clinical/clinical evidence.European heart journal · 2024Review
- Core concepts in pharmacoepidemiology: Fundamentals of the cohort and case-control study designs.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2022Review
- Colchicine as a novel drug for the treatment of osteosarcoma through drug repositioning based on an FDA drug library.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Article
- Ion Channels, Transporters, and Sensors Interact with the Acidic Tumor Microenvironment to Modify Cancer Progression.Reviews of physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology · 2022Review
- Association Between Digoxin Use and Cancer Incidence: A Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study With Competing Risk Analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Article
- The Association of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation and Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Cardiology research and practice · 2020Review
- Triple-negative breast cancer cell line sensitivity to englerin A identifies a new, targetable subtype.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2019Article
- Phthalate Exposure and Breast Cancer Incidence: A Danish Nationwide Cohort Study.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2019Article
- Article
- Cancer mortality does not differ by antiarrhythmic drug use: A population-based cohort of Finnish men.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Concurrent new drug prescriptions and prognosis of early breast cancer: studies using the Danish Breast Cancer Group clinical database.Acta oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden) · 2018Article
- Digoxin reduces the mutagenic effects of Mitomycin C in human and rodent cell lines.Cytotechnology · 2017Article
- Risk of cancer in patients with heart failure who use digoxin: a 10-year follow-up study and cell-based verification.Oncotarget · 2017Article
- Digitalis use and risk of gastrointestinal cancers: A nationwide population-based cohort study.Oncotarget · 2017Article
- The Associations of Atrial Fibrillation With the Risks of Incident Invasive Breast and Colorectal Cancer.American journal of epidemiology · 2017Article
- Digoxin use and the risk for colorectal cancer.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Despite preclinical evidence supporting anti-cancer effects of cardiac glycosides, epidemiologic studies consistently show elevated breast cancer risk in digoxin users. We studied this association in the Nurses' Health Study cohort to evaluate influences of screening mammography and lifestyle-related risk factors. We followed 90,202 postmenopausal women from 1994 to 2010. Self-reported breast cancers were confirmed by medical record review. We fit Cox regression models to estimate associations between time-varying digoxin use and breast cancer incidence, overall and by tumor ER status, accounting for mammography screening and established breast cancer risk factors. There were 5,004 digoxin users over 1.05 million person-years of observation, among whom 144 breast cancer cases occurred. Digoxin users were more likely to undergo mammographic screening, to be former users of postmenopausal hormones, and to take other medications than never-users; the groups were similar on reproductive history and alcohol consumption. Current digoxin use of >4-year duration was associated with a 45 % increased rate of breast cancer compared with never use (HRadj = 1.45, 95 % CI 1.13-1.86). The association appeared stronger for ER-positive disease (HRadj = 1.46, 95 % CI 1.10-1.95) than for ER-negative disease (HRadj = 1.12, 95 % CI 0.52-2.37). Associations were robust to restriction on regular mammography use and to adjustment for established breast cancer risk factors, including lifestyle-related exposures. The positive association between digoxin use and breast cancer occurrence was not attenuated when lifestyle-related breast cancer risk factors and screening practices were accounted for. Digoxin, a common cardiac drug worldwide, may promote breast carcinogenesis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.