ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2014
From exposures to population interventions: pregnancy and response to HIV therapy.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed.
- The effect of hypothetical interventions to limit weight gain on incident type 2 diabetes mellitus among people with HIV initiating antiretroviral therapy in the United States, 2012-2021.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Effect measure modification in mixtures and public health.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- A Framework for Thinking About the Potential Public Health Impact of Epidemiologic Research.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Responding to the increase in substance use, HIV, HCV, and overdose in New England (RISE-NE): Protocol for a prospective cohort study.PloS one · 2026Article
- An evolved interpretation of Austin Bradford Hill's causal viewpoints and their influence on epidemiologic methods.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Hypothetical Behavioral Interventions for Mitigating the Cardiovascular Effects of Long-Term Fine Particulate Matter Exposure: Analyses From 2 Prospective Cohorts.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Advancing quantitative evaluation of social determinants of mental health and intervention effects: the need for community risk assessments.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2024Article
- Combined oral contraceptive utilization and uterine fibroid incidence: A prospective study in a cohort of African-American women.PloS one · 2024Article
- Different effects for different questions: An illustration using short cervix and the risk of preterm birth.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2023Article
- A Framework for Descriptive Epidemiology.American journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Targeted maximum likelihood estimation of causal effects with interference: A simulation study.Statistics in medicine · 2022Article
- Impact of hypothetical improvements in the psychosocial work environment on sickness absence rates: a simulation study.European journal of public health · 2022Article
- Effect of early life antibiotic use on serologic responses to oral rotavirus vaccine in the MAL-ED birth cohort study.Vaccine · 2022Article
- Population intervention effects in observational studies to emulate target trial results: reconciling the effects of improved sanitation on child growth.International journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Modeling Combination Interventions to Prevent Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Adolescent Girls and Young Women in South Africa (HIV Prevention Trials Network 068).Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Article
- Union Burying Ground: Mortality, Mortality Inequities, and Sinking Labor Union Membership in the United States.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2021Article
- Reducing employee turnover in hospitals: estimating the effects of hypothetical improvements in the psychosocial work environment.Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health · 2021Article
- Comparative Effectiveness and Harms of Antibiotics for Outpatient Diverticulitis : Two Nationwide Cohort Studies.Annals of internal medicine · 2021Article
- Two-stage g-computation: Evaluating Treatment and Intervention Impacts in Observational Cohorts When Exposure Information Is Partly Missing.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2020Article
- From Epidemiologic Knowledge to Improved Health: A Vision for Translational Epidemiology.American journal of epidemiology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
Many epidemiologic studies identify contrasts between an "always-exposed" population and a "never-exposed" population. Such "exposure effects" are perhaps most valuable in discussing individual lifestyle changes, or in clinical care; they may be less valuable in estimating the potential effects of realistic public health interventions. Various methods, among them population attributable fractions and generalized impact fractions, attempt to obtain more policy-relevant estimates of "population intervention" effects, but such methods remain rare in the epidemiologic literature. Here, we describe the use of the parametric g-formula as a tool for the estimation of population intervention effects in longitudinal data. Our discussion is motivated by a previous study of the effect of incident pregnancy on time to virological failure among human immunodeficiency virus-positive women initiating antiretroviral therapy in South Africa between 2004 and 2011. We show that 1) interventional estimates of effect can be estimated in longitudinal data using the parametric g-formula and 2) exposure effects and population interventional effects can have dramatically different interpretations and magnitudes in real-world data. Epidemiologists should consider estimating interventional effects in addition to exposure effects; doing so would allow the results of epidemiologic studies to be more immediately relevant to policy-makers and to implementation science efforts.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.