ArticleEpidemiology and infection2015
Single, dual and multiple respiratory virus infections and risk of hospitalization and mortality.
Article in Epidemiology and infection, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 105 citations in OpenAlex.
- Populations at Risk for Severe or Complicated Rhinovirus Illness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Pooled it
- Respiratory viral coinfection and disease severity in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology · 2016Pooled it
- The presence of fever in adults with influenza and other viral respiratory infections.Epidemiology and infection · 2017Trial
- Respiratory pathogen epidemiology in the post-pandemic era: a multicenter retrospective study from Saudi Arabia.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Prevalence, characteristics and outcomes of respiratory viral co-infection among hospitalized children.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Impact of pathogen co-detection on disease severity and clinical outcomes in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2026Article
- Article
- The Molecular Epidemiology and Congregate Transmission Dynamics of Medically Attended Acute Respiratory Infections at the United States Naval Academy During Plebe Summer.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- [Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Clinical Challenges of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Co-infections in Children].Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2026Review
- Viral pathogens in the etiology of acute respiratory infections in Bulgaria during the 2024-2025 season and genetic diversity of circulating influenza viruses.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Analysis of influenza A, influenza B andFrontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Epidemiology and lagged climatic drivers of pediatric viral lower respiratory tract infections in Tianjin, China (2023-2025).Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Experimental Models to Investigate Viral and Cellular Dynamics in Respiratory Viral Co-Infections.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Evaluation of common respiratory viruses other than SARS-CoV-2 in hospitalized children during the COVID-19 pandemic.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Influenza A virus interferes with respiratory syncytial virus in mice and reconstituted human airway epithelium.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Article
- Insights from respiratory virus co-infections.World journal of virology · 2024Review
- Respiratory viruses associated with severe acute respiratory infection in children aged <5 years at a tertiary care hospital in Delhi, India during 2013-15.Journal of global health · 2024Article
- Article
- Seasonality and Co-Detection of Respiratory Viral Infections Among Hospitalised Patients Admitted With Acute Respiratory Illness-Valencia Region, Spain, 2010-2021.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Respiratory virus infections cause a significant number of hospitalization and deaths globally. This study investigated the association between single and multiple respiratory virus infections and risk of admission to a general ward, intensive care unit or death in patients aged 0-105 years (mean ± s.d. = 24·4 ± 24·1 years), from North West England, that were tested for respiratory virus infections between January 2007 and June 2012. The majority of infections were in children aged ⩽5 years. Dual or multiple infections occurred in 10·4% (1214/11 715) of patients, whereas single infection occurred in 89·6% (10 501/11 715). Rhinovirus was the most common co-infecting virus (occurring in 69·5%; 844/1214 of co-infections). In a multivariate logistic regression model, multiple infections were associated with an increased risk of admission to a general ward [odds ratio (OR) 1·43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·2-1·7, P < 0·0001]. On the other hand, patients with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human parainfluenza virus types 1-3 (hPIV1-3), as a single infection, had a higher risk of being admitted to a general ward (OR 1·49, 95% CI 1·28-1·73, P < 0·0001 and OR 1·34, 95% CI 1·003-1·8, P = 0·05, respectively); admitted to an intensive-care unit or dying (OR 1·5, 95% CI 1·20-2·0, P = 0·001 and OR 1·60, 95% CI 1·02-2·40, P = 0·04, respectively). This result emphasizes the importance of RSV, hPIV and mixed infections and calls for research on vaccines, drugs and diagnostic tests targeting these respiratory viruses.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.