ReviewMolecular neurobiology2014
Body fluid cytokine levels in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a comparative overview.
Review in Molecular neurobiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 247 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
247 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 452 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effect of anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich foods on cognitive function: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.GeroScience · 2026Pooled it
- Peripheral immune function and Alzheimer's disease: a living systematic review and critical appraisal.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Roles of neuropathology-associated reactive astrocytes: a systematic review.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2023Pooled it
- Cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory biomarkers for disease progression in Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- The Amyloid-β Pathway in Alzheimer's Disease.Molecular psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Exploring the Etiological Links behind Neurodegenerative Diseases: Inflammatory Cytokines and Bioactive Kynurenines.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Pooled it
- IL-1β, IL-6, TNF- α and CRP in Elderly Patients with Depression or Alzheimer's disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Scientific reports · 2018Pooled it
- Plasma exchange with albumin replacement for Alzheimer's disease treatment induced changes in serum and cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory mediator levels.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2024Trial
- CSF Cytokines in Aging, Multiple Sclerosis, and Dementia.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Trial
- Restoration of Normal Occlusion Suppresses the Risk of Dementia.Neurochemical research · 2026Article
- Porphyromonas gingivalis Outer Membrane Vesicles-Associated DNA Triggers Inflammation by Inducing IL-6 in Astrocytes.Molecular oral microbiology · 2026Article
- EGF and GHRP6 Co-Administration Attenuates Cognitive Decline in Preclinical Models: Behavioral and Molecular Evidences.Neurotoxicity research · 2026Article
- CMV titer associations with cognition and the plasma proteome implicate FLT1 and neurovascular mechanisms as potential moderators.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Systemic inflammation, delirium and clinical progression in mild-moderate Alzheimer disease.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Peripheral inflammation in a Canadian cohort of neurodegenerative conditions: Occurrence, determinants, and impact.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2026Article
- Advances and Therapeutic Potential of Anthraquinone Compounds in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Comprehensive Review.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Review
- Innate Immune Tolerance Regulates Microglia Response to Aβ Oligomers.Journal of neurochemistry · 2026Article
- Elucidating molecular mechanisms governing tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated regulation of amyloid beta 42 uptake in blood-brain barrier endothelial cells.Molecular pharmacology · 2026Article
- Prenatal immune activation and adult Poly(I:C) re-challenge promote neuroimmune priming and AD-related behavioural, cellular and molecular alterations in wild-type mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Inflammatory mechanisms underlying early Alzheimer's disease pathology: evidence from the aging rhesus macaque brain.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Review
187 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This article gives a comprehensive overview of cytokine and other inflammation associated protein levels in plasma, serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We reviewed 118 research articles published between 1989 and 2013 to compare the reported levels of 66 cytokines and other proteins related to regulation and signaling in inflammation in the blood or CSF obtained from MCI and AD patients. Several cytokines are evidently regulated in (neuro-) inflammatory processes associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Others do not display changes in the blood or CSF during disease progression. However, many reports on cytokine levels in MCI or AD are controversial or inconclusive, particularly those which provide data on frequently investigated cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) or interleukin-6 (IL-6). The levels of several cytokines are possible indicators of neuroinflammation in AD. Some of them might increase steadily during disease progression or temporarily at the time of MCI to AD conversion. Furthermore, elevated body fluid cytokine levels may correlate with an increased risk of conversion from MCI to AD. Yet, research results are conflicting. To overcome interindividual variances and to obtain a more definite description of cytokine regulation and function in neurodegeneration, a high degree of methodical standardization and patients collective characterization, together with longitudinal sampling over years is essential.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.