ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology2014
Survival of airborne MS2 bacteriophage generated from human saliva, artificial saliva, and cell culture medium.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Virology laboratory biohazards: infectious MS2 aerosols emitted from common procedures and accidental laboratory scenarios in a controlled chamber study.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Intermediate Relative Humidity Preserves Respiratory Syncytial Virus via a Semi-Solid Bioaerosol State.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Purification strategies and impact of surfactant on bacteriophage stability and aggregation.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Article
- Organic components modulate the morphology of respirable aerovirology-relevant aerosols.Aerosol science and technology : the journal of the American Association for Aerosol Research · 2026Article
- Organic Components Modulate the Morphology of Respirable Aerovirology-Relevant Aerosols.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- A Virus Aerosol Chamber Study: The Impact of UVA, UVC, and HEnvironment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Article
- An Assessment of the Efficacy of Commercial Air Ionizer Systems Against a SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Mucin Colocalizes with Influenza Virus and Preserves Infectivity in Deposited Model Respiratory Droplets.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Review
- Review of factors affecting virus inactivation in aerosols and droplets.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2024Review
- Sampling efficiency and nucleic acid stability during long-term sampling with different bioaerosol samplers.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2024Article
- Laboratory studies on the infectivity of human respiratory viruses: Experimental conditions, detections, and resistance to the atmospheric environment.Fundamental research · 2024Review
- Viral Preservation with Protein-Supplemented Nebulizing Media in Aerosols.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2023Article
- Large-scale evaluation of microorganism inactivation by bipolar ionization and photocatalytic devices.Building and environment · 2023Article
- Role of bioaerosol in virus transmission and material-based countermeasures.Exploration (Beijing, China) · 2022Review
- Mucin Transiently Sustains Coronavirus Infectivity through Heterogenous Changes in Phase Morphology of Evaporating Aerosol.Viruses · 2022Article
- Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes for Controlling Airborne Viruses: Present Status, Standardization of Aerosol Filtration Tests, and Future Development.ACS environmental Au · 2022Review
- Evidence for a semisolid phase state of aerosols and droplets relevant to the airborne and surface survival of pathogens.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- How long and effective does a mask protect you from an infected person who emits virus-laden particles: By implementing one-dimensional physics-based modeling.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Validation of the Decontamination of a Specialist Transport System for Patients with High Consequence Infectious Diseases.Microorganisms · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Laboratory studies of virus aerosols have been criticized for generating airborne viruses from artificial nebulizer suspensions (e.g., cell culture media), which do not mimic the natural release of viruses (e.g., from human saliva). The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of human saliva on the infectivity and survival of airborne virus and to compare it with those of artificial saliva and cell culture medium. A stock of MS2 bacteriophage was diluted in one of three nebulizer suspensions, aerosolized, size selected (100 to 450 nm) using a differential mobility analyzer, and collected onto gelatin filters. Uranine was used as a particle tracer. The resulting particle size distribution was measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer. The amounts of infectious virus, total virus, and fluorescence in the collected samples were determined by infectivity assays, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), and spectrofluorometry, respectively. For all nebulizer suspensions, the virus content generally followed a particle volume distribution rather than a number distribution. The survival of airborne MS2 was independent of particle size but was strongly affected by the type of nebulizer suspension. Human saliva was found to be much less protective than cell culture medium (i.e., 3% tryptic soy broth) and artificial saliva. These results indicate the need for caution when extrapolating laboratory results, which often use artificial nebulizer suspensions. To better assess the risk of airborne transmission of viral diseases in real-life situations, the use of natural suspensions such as saliva or respiratory mucus is recommended.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.