ReviewMultiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)2014
The role of gender and sex hormones in determining the onset and outcome of multiple sclerosis.
Review in Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 86 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
86 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 184 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association Between Breastfeeding and Postpartum Multiple Sclerosis Relapses: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA neurology · 2020Pooled it
- Contraceptive use among women with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review.Contraception · 2016Pooled it
- Why does FND mainly affect women? A consideration of gender imbalance in neuropsychiatric disease.Psychological medicine · 2026Review
- Psychiatric comorbidities in multiple sclerosis patients and their relationship with clinical variables: A university hospital sample.Dusunen adam : Bakirkoy Ruh ve Sinir Hastaliklari Hastanesi yayin organi · 2026Article
- The Immunosuppression Paradox in Multiple Sclerosis: Are We Fueling the Fire by Suppressing Immunity in an Epstein-Barr Virus-Linked Disease?Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Review
- Sex and gender-related differences in neurological diseases: current challenges and recommendations for clinical practice.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Sex differences in the development, treatment, and prognosis of multiple sclerosis in Switzerland.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Assisted Reproduction Therapy in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Narrative Review and Practical Recommendations.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Validation of the Chinese version of the 12-Item multiple sclerosis walking scale in individuals with multiple sclerosis: a psychometric and item response theory analysis.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Investigating the Associated Factors of Mood Disorders and Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis Patients With Cognitive Impairment: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Influence of age and sex on presymptomatic phases of neurodegenerative diseases: Focus on multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.Revue neurologique · 2025Review
- Sex-Related Differences in Lifestyle Factors Affecting Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility and Disease Progression.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- The Gut Microbiota-Sex-Immunity Axis in Non-Communicable Diseases.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 Allelic Polymorphism and Multiple Sclerosis in a Moroccan Population.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
- Impact of Multiple Sclerosis on Load Distribution, Plantar Pressures, and Ankle Dorsiflexion Range of Motion in Women.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Estradiol Promotes Myelin Repair in the Spinal Cord of Female Mice in a CXCR4 Chemokine Receptor-Independent Manner.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Comparative transcriptome profiling of the lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia reveals sexually dimorphic gene expression in a murine model of coronavirus-induced neurodegeneration.American journal of clinical and experimental urology · 2025Article
- Sex differences in relapse-independent and relapse-associated disability progression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a real-world inverse-probability weighted study.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2025Article
- Decreased lymph node estrogen levels cause nonremitting progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease.PNAS nexus · 2025Article
- The intersection of race and sex on the clinical and cognitive progression of multiple sclerosis.Journal of the neurological sciences · 2024Article
26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Intriguing sex differences both in multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility and its disease course may offer important insights into MS disease pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. In this review, we first summarize the key sex-related differences in MS risk, heritability and disease progression. One promising hypothesis we explore is whether sexually-dimorphic responsiveness to cultural and environmental changes may explain the observation of an increasing female:male sex ratio in MS. We then review the evidence for hormonal modulation of MS, during such transitions as puberty and pregnancy. Finally, we review sex differences in the non-inflammatory facets of MS. We highlight those research gaps that may point to important sex or sex hormone-mediated mechanistic and therapeutic insights.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.