Trial reportThe Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine2014
School-located vaccination of adolescents with insurance billing: cost, reimbursement, and vaccination outcomes.
Trial report in The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interventions to increase HPV vaccination coverage: A systematic review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2016Pooled it
- Practice- and Community-Based Interventions to Increase Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Coverage: A Systematic Review.JAMA pediatrics · 2015Pooled it
- Costs of Interventions to Increase Vaccination Coverage Among Children in the United States: A Systematic Review.Academic pediatricsPooled it
- A school-based educational on-site vaccination intervention for adolescents in an urban area in Germany: feasibility and psychometric properties of instruments in a pilot study.BMC public health · 2022Trial
- Impact of a website based educational program for increasing vaccination coverage among adolescents.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2018Trial
- Health care providers' perspectives on county-level barriers and facilitators to HPV vaccination: A socio-ecological approach (2022-2023).Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Review
- Health Equity and Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Interventions for Adolescents: A Systematic Review.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Evaluation of the Impact of Cervical Cancer and HPV Educational Awareness Program in Macon County, Alabama from 2018 to 2023.Journal of healthcare, science and the humanities · 2025Article
- Human papillomavirus vaccinations at recommended ages: How a middle school-based educational and vaccination program increased uptake in the Rio Grande Valley.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Article
- The impact of publicly funded immunization programs on human papillomavirus vaccination in boys and girls: An observational study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2022Article
- Review
- A multi-tiered systems of support blueprint for re-opening schools following COVID-19 shutdown.Children and youth services review · 2021Article
- Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Health Savings as an Alternative Solution: HPV Vaccination Behavior in Adolescents.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2021Article
- Cost-effectiveness of Interventions to Increase HPV Vaccine Uptake.Pediatrics · 2020Article
- Article
- Parental knowledge gaps and barriers for children receiving human papillomavirus vaccine in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2019Article
- Improving HPV vaccine delivery at school-based health centers.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2019Article
- A retrospective and prospective look at strategies to increase adolescent HPV vaccine uptake in the United States.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2018Review
- Acceptability of School-Based Health Centers for Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Visits: A Mixed-Methods Study.The Journal of school health · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo assess, in a school-located adolescent vaccination program that billed health insurance, the program costs, the proportion of costs reimbursed, and the likelihood of vaccination.
methodsDuring the 2010-2011 school year, vaccination clinics were held for sixth- to eighth-grade students at seven Denver public schools. Vaccine administration and purchase costs were compared with reimbursement by insurers. Multivariate analyses were used to compare the likelihood of vaccination among students in intervention schools with students in control schools who did not participate in the program, with analyses stratified by grade (sixth grade vs. seventh-eighth grades).
resultsFifteen percent (466 of 3,144) of students attending intervention schools were vaccinated at school-located vaccination clinics. Among students vaccinated at school, 41% were uninsured, 37% publicly insured, and 22% privately insured. Estimated vaccine administration costs were $23.98 per vaccine dose. Seventy-eight percent of vaccine purchase costs and 14% of vaccine administration costs were reimbursed by insurers; 41% of total program costs were reimbursed. Sixth-grade students in intervention schools were more likely than those in control schools to receive tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (risk ratio [RR], 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08, 1.57), meningococcal conjugate (RR, 1.42; CI, 1.18, 1.70), and human papillomavirus (for females only, RR, 1.69; CI, 1.21, 2.36) vaccines during the 2010-2011 school year, with similar results for seventh- to eighth-grade students.
conclusionsAlthough school-located adolescent vaccination with billing appears feasible and likely to improve vaccination rates, improvements in insurance coverage and reimbursement rates may be needed for the long-term financial sustainability of such programs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.