ArticlePLoS biology2014
Cecum lymph node dendritic cells harbor slow-growing bacteria phenotypically tolerant to antibiotic treatment.
Article in PLoS biology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers.
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Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 148 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Effect of host microenvironment and bacterial lifestyles on antimicrobial sensitivity and implications for susceptibility testing.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2025Review
- Vaccine-enhanced competition permits rational bacterial strain replacement in the gut.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
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- Mechanisms conferring multi-layered protection against intestinal Salmonella Typhimurium infection.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Fluoroquinolones directly drive mitochondrial hyperpolarization and modulate iNOS expression in monocyte-derived macrophage populations.Discovery immunology · 2025Article
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- Molecular mechanism and application of emerging technologies in study of bacterial persisters.BMC microbiology · 2024Review
- When does antimicrobial resistance increase bacterial fitness? Effects of dosing, social interactions, and frequency dependence on the benefits of AmpCEvolution letters · 2024Article
- Shaping of microbial phenotypes by trade-offs.Nature communications · 2024Review
- Preventive nasal administration of flagellin restores antimicrobial effect of gentamicin and protects against a multidrug-resistant strain ofAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2024Article
- How colonization bottlenecks, tissue niches, and transmission strategies shape protozoan infections.Trends in parasitology · 2023Review
- Delayed host mortality and immune response upon infection withInfection and immunity · 2023Article
- Shift in vacuolar to cytosolic regime of infecting Salmonella from a dual proteome perspective.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
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- Macrophage internalization creates a multidrug-tolerant fungal persister reservoir and facilitates the emergence of drug resistance.Nature communications · 2023Article
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In vivo, antibiotics are often much less efficient than ex vivo and relapses can occur. The reasons for poor in vivo activity are still not completely understood. We have studied the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin in an animal model for complicated Salmonellosis. High-dose ciprofloxacin treatment efficiently reduced pathogen loads in feces and most organs. However, the cecum draining lymph node (cLN), the gut tissue, and the spleen retained surviving bacteria. In cLN, approximately 10%-20% of the bacteria remained viable. These phenotypically tolerant bacteria lodged mostly within CD103⁺CX₃CR1⁻CD11c⁺ dendritic cells, remained genetically susceptible to ciprofloxacin, were sufficient to reinitiate infection after the end of the therapy, and displayed an extremely slow growth rate, as shown by mathematical analysis of infections with mixed inocula and segregative plasmid experiments. The slow growth was sufficient to explain recalcitrance to antibiotics treatment. Therefore, slow-growing antibiotic-tolerant bacteria lodged within dendritic cells can explain poor in vivo antibiotic activity and relapse. Administration of LPS or CpG, known elicitors of innate immune defense, reduced the loads of tolerant bacteria. Thus, manipulating innate immunity may augment the in vivo activity of antibiotics.
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Registered trials
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