ArticleThe International journal on drug policy2014
HIV risks among injecting and non-injecting female partners of men who inject drugs in Almaty, Kazakhstan: implications for HIV prevention, research, and policy.
Article in The International journal on drug policy, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of HIV, HCV and HBV in Central Asia and the Caucasus: A systematic review.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2021Pooled it
- The epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Central Asia: Systematic review, meta-analyses, and meta-regression analyses.Scientific reports · 2019Pooled it
- AEGIDA: Results of a Pilot Randomized Trial of an HIV Self-Testing Intervention for Women Who Exchange Sex and Use Substances in Kazakhstan.AIDS and behavior · 2026Trial
- Intimate relationships and patterns of drug and sexual risk behaviors among people who inject drugs in Kazakhstan: A latent class analysis.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2018Trial
- MASLIHAT Peer Intervention Impact on HIV Testing Among Female Sex Partners of Male Tajik Migrants in Moscow Who Inject Drugs.AIDS education and prevention : official publication of the International Society for AIDS Education · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Characteristics associated with HIV and hepatitis C seroprevalence among sexual and injecting partners of HIV positive persons who inject drugs in Nairobi and coastal Kenya.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- HIV incidence and associated risk factors in female spouses of men who inject drugs in Pakistan.Harm reduction journal · 2021Article
- Implementation experiences and insights from the scale-up of an HIV assisted partner notification intervention in Central Asia.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2019Article
- Prevalence and determinants of unprotected sex in intimate partnerships of men who inject drugs: findings from a prospective intervention study.International journal of STD & AIDS · 2019Article
- Differences by sex in associations between injection drug risks and drug crime conviction among people who inject drugs in Almaty, Kazakhstan.The International journal on drug policy · 2018Article
- Sexual Risks and Policing among Male Migrant and Non-migrant Market Vendors in Central Asia.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2018Article
- Alcohol and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Male Central Asian Labor Migrants and Non-migrants in Kazakhstan: Implications for HIV Prevention.AIDS and behavior · 2017Article
- Biomedical HIV Prevention Including Pre-exposure Prophylaxis and Opiate Agonist Therapy for Women Who Inject Drugs: State of Research and Future Directions.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2015Review
- HIV Risks, Testing, and Treatment in the Former Soviet Union: Challenges and Future Directions in Research and Methodology.Central Asian journal of global health · 2015Article
- Drug scene, drug use and drug-related health consequences and responses in Kulob and Khorog, Tajikistan.The International journal on drug policy · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundKazakhstan and other countries in Central Asia are experiencing a rapidly growing HIV epidemic, which has historically been driven by injection drug use, but is more recently being fueled by heterosexual transmission.
methodsThis paper examines HIV and HCV infection, as well as sexual and drug-related risks among female partners of men who inject drugs (MWID), comparing females who inject drugs (FWID) to non-injecting female partners on socio-demographic, relationship context, and structural characteristics.
resultsThe prevalence rate of HIV was 30.1% among FWID and 10.4% among non-IDU female partners of MWID. The prevalence rate of HCV was 89.8% among FWID and 14.8% among female non-IDUs. Less than one-fifth of all female participants had access to HIV education and services or harm reduction programs. Although high rates of non-injection drug use and sexual risk behaviors were found among both FWID and non-injecting female partners of MWID, we found that FWID were more likely to be HIV seropositive (aRR=3.03; 95% CI=1.78, 5.18) and HCV seropositive than non-IDU females (aRR=6.05; 95% CI=4.05, 9.04), were more likely to have used alcohol or drugs before sex (aRR=1.67; 95% CI=1.40, 2.00), and were more likely to have used sedatives, barbiturates, tranquilizers, sleeping pills, or painkillers that were not prescribed by a physician (aRR=17.45; 95% CI=8.01, 38.01).
conclusionGiven the spread of the HIV epidemic to heterosexual partners in Kazakhstan, more attention is needed in research, prevention, and policies regarding female partners of male injection drug users.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.