ArticleCyberpsychology, behavior and social networking2014
Comparison of the effectiveness of virtual cue exposure therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy for nicotine dependence.
Article in Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07013084 (Study on the Effect of Digital Smoking Cessation Education Intervention on Outpatients), which is not on this map. Cited by 25 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Study on the Effect of Digital Smoking Cessation Education Intervention on Outpatients
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- The efficacy of conventional and technology assisted cue exposure therapy for treating substance use disorders: a qualitative systematic review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Virtual reality: a powerful technology to provide novel insight into treatment mechanisms of addiction.Translational psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Virtual Reality Technology Use in Cigarette Craving and Smoking Interventions (I "Virtually" Quit): Systematic Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2021Pooled it
- Evidence on Virtual Reality-Based Therapies for Psychiatric Disorders: Meta-Review of Meta-Analyses.Journal of medical Internet research · 2020Pooled it
- Virtual Reality (VR) in Assessment and Treatment of Addictive Disorders: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2019Pooled it
- Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Virtual reality-based cue exposure therapy reduces psychological craving in men with methamphetamine use disorder: a randomized controlled trial.Translational psychiatry · 2025Trial
- Virtual reality cue exposure as an add-on to smoking cessation group therapy: a randomized controlled trial.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2025Trial
- Avatar Intervention in Virtual Reality for Cannabis Use Disorder in Individuals With Severe Mental Disorders: Results From a 1-Year, Single-Arm Clinical Trial.JMIR mental health · 2024Trial
- (No) escape from reality? Cigarette craving in virtual smoking environments.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2021Trial
- Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for smoking cessation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Review
- Methamphetamine related cues impact impulsive choice by decreasing loss aversion.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Reactivity to Smoking Cues in a Social Context: Virtual Reality Experiment.JMIR formative research · 2025Article
- Cigarette craving in virtual reality cue exposure in abstainers and relapsed smokers.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Avatar Intervention for Cannabis Use Disorder in Individuals with Severe Mental Disorders: A Pilot Study.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Article
- Clinical Relevance of Immersive Virtual Reality in the Assessment and Treatment of Addictive Disorders: A Systematic Review and Future Perspective.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Review
- Is Virtual Reality Cue Exposure a Promising Adjunctive Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder?Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Review
- Addictive behaviour in experimental animals: prospects for translation.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2018Review
- Video-enabled cue based intervention for relapse prevention.Indian journal of psychiatry · 2018Article
- Development of an effective virtual environment in eliciting craving in adolescents and young adults with internet gaming disorder.PloS one · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Previous studies have reported promising results regarding the effect of repeated virtual cue exposure therapy on nicotine dependence. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of virtual cue exposure therapy (CET) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for nicotine dependence. Thirty subjects with nicotine dependence participated in 4 weeks of treatment with either virtual CET (n=15) or CBT (n=15). All patients were male, and none received nicotine replacement treatment during the study period. The main setting of the CET used in this study was a virtual bar. The primary foci of the CBT offered were (a) smoking cessation education, (b) withdrawal symptoms, (c) coping with high-risk situations, (d) cognitive reconstruction, and (e) stress management. Daily smoking count, level of expiratory carbon monoxide (CO), level of nicotine dependence, withdrawal symptoms, and subjective craving were examined on three occasions: week 0 (baseline), week 4 (end of treatment), and week 12 (follow-up assessment). After treatment, the daily smoking count, the expiratory CO, and nicotine dependence levels had significantly decreased. These effects continued during the entire study period. Similar changes were observed in both virtual CET and CBT groups. We found no interaction between type of therapy and time of measurement. Although the current findings are preliminary, the present study provided evidence that virtual CET is effective for the treatment of nicotine dependence at a level comparable to CBT.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.