ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2014
Ischemic neurons recruit natural killer cells that accelerate brain infarction.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 181 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
181 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 271 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between interleukin-6 levels and stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Journal of international medical research · 2024Pooled it
- Myocardial Immune Cells: The Basis of Cardiac Immunology.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2023Pooled it
- Altered methylation pattern in EXOC4 is associated with stroke outcome: an epigenome-wide association study.Clinical epigenetics · 2022Pooled it
- The efficacy and safety of fingolimod plus standardized treatment versus standardized treatment alone for acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2022Pooled it
- Associations between miR-146a rs2910164 polymorphisms and risk of ischemic cardio-cerebrovascular diseases.Medicine · 2019Pooled it
- Low-frequency and common genetic variation in ischemic stroke: The METASTROKE collaboration.Neurology · 2016Pooled it
- Fingolimod enhances the efficacy of delayed alteplase administration in acute ischemic stroke by promoting anterograde reperfusion and retrograde collateral flow.Annals of neurology · 2018Trial
- Combination of the Immune Modulator Fingolimod With Alteplase in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Pilot Trial.Circulation · 2015Trial
- Harnessing Natural Killer Cells: From Neuroimmunology to Novel Therapies for Central Nervous System Diseases.MedComm · 2026Review
- Spatially Distinct Bone Marrow Sites Are Asymmetrically Impacted by Inflammatory Cardiovascular Disease.JACC. Basic to translational science · 2026Article
- Immune-mediated excitotoxicity in brain disorders.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Tunable and self-reporting esterase-activated cyanide prodrugs exert cytoprotective effects.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The Association Between PIV and Mortality in US Stroke Survivors: A NHANES 1999-2018 Retrospective Cohort Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Single-cell RNA sequencing in stroke and traumatic brain injury: Current achievements, challenges and future perspectives on transcriptomic profiling.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2026Review
- Natural killer cells and regulatory T cells in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid - a pilot study.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2026Observational
- NK cells promote cardiac cell death and regulate myelopoiesis in myocardial infarction.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Hemoglobin binders reduce inflammation and tissue injury from hemolysis in venovenous extracorporeal circulation.Blood advances · 2026Article
- Endothelial cells temporally orchestrate lymphocyte dynamics and functional outcomes after ischemic stroke.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2026Article
- Single-cell and multi-omics analysis identifies mitophagy-related biomarkers and therapeutic targets in ischemic stroke.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- "The emerging role of lymphocytes in post-stroke inflammation: A treatable target and review of current pharmacological evidence in humans".Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Review
121 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 8 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Brain ischemia and reperfusion activate the immune system. The abrupt development of brain ischemic lesions suggests that innate immune cells may shape the outcome of stroke. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that can be swiftly mobilized during the earliest phases of immune responses, but their role during stroke remains unknown. Herein, we found that NK cells infiltrated the ischemic lesions of the human brain. In a mouse model of cerebral ischemia, ischemic neuron-derived fractalkine recruited NK cells, which subsequently determined the size of brain lesions in a T and B cell-independent manner. NK cell-mediated exacerbation of brain infarction occurred rapidly after ischemia via the disruption of NK cell tolerance, augmenting local inflammation and neuronal hyperactivity. Therefore, NK cells catalyzed neuronal death in the ischemic brain.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.