ArticlePlant physiology2014
Flavan-3-ols in Norway spruce: biosynthesis, accumulation, and function in response to attack by the bark beetle-associated fungus Ceratocystis polonica.
Article in Plant physiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
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44 citing papers in PubMed, 89 citations in OpenAlex.
- Organ-Resolved Metabolomics ofMetabolites · 2026Article
- From beginning to end: the synecology of tree-killing bark beetles, fungi, and trees.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2026Review
- Fungi associated with Norway spruce and its bark beetles detoxify spruce defense compounds by conjugation to α-ribose.The ISME journal · 2026Article
- Differential physiological responses of resistant and susceptible grape cultivars to Eutypa dieback.Journal of experimental botany · 2025Article
- Tissue ontogeny and chemical composition influence bacterial biodiversity in the wood and shoot tip of Populus nigra.Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany) · 2025Article
- Windthrow causes declines in carbohydrate and phenolic concentrations and increased monoterpene emission in Norway spruce.PloS one · 2024Article
- Integrative analysis of metabolome and transcriptome reveals a dynamic regulatory network of potato tuber pigmentation.iScience · 2023Article
- The Potential Value of Debarking Water as a Source of Polyphenolic Compounds for the Specialty Chemicals Sector.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Metabolite and Transcriptome Profiles of Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis in the Development of Litchi Fruit.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Identification and Characterization of a QTL for Growth ofJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- The dark septate endophyte Phialocephala sphaeroides confers growth fitness benefits and mitigates pathogenic effects of Heterobasidion on Norway spruce.Tree physiology · 2022Article
- Behaviour of Extractives in Norway Spruce (Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Antioxidant processes involving epicatechin decreased symptoms of pine wilt disease.Frontiers in plant science · 2022Article
- Pathophysiology and transcriptomic analysis ofFrontiers in plant science · 2022Article
- Bark Beetle Attack History Does Not Influence the Induction of Terpene and Phenolic Defenses in Mature Norway Spruce (Frontiers in plant science · 2022Article
- Combining QTL Mapping and Transcriptomics to Decipher the Genetic Architecture of Phenolic Compounds Metabolism in the Conifer White Spruce.Frontiers in plant science · 2021Article
- Advances and Perspectives of Transgenic Technology and Biotechnological Application in Forest Trees.Frontiers in plant science · 2021Review
- Interactions among Norway spruce, the bark beetleJournal of pest science · 2021Review
- Fate of Antioxidative Compounds within Bark during Storage: A Case of Norway Spruce Logs.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Combining transcriptomics and genetic linkage based information to identify candidate genes associated with Heterobasidion-resistance in Norway spruce.Scientific reports · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are common polyphenolic polymers of plants found in foliage, fruit, bark, roots, rhizomes, and seed coats that consist of flavan-3-ol units such as 2,3-trans-(+)-catechin and 2,3-cis-(-)-epicatechin. Although the biosynthesis of flavan-3-ols has been studied in angiosperms, little is known about their biosynthesis and ecological roles in gymnosperms. In this study, the genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase, a branch point enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of 2,3-trans-(+)-flavan-3-ols, were identified and functionally characterized in Norway spruce (Picea abies), the most widespread and economically important conifer in Europe. In addition, the accumulation of flavan-3-ols and PAs was investigated in Norway spruce saplings after wounding or inoculation with the fungal pathogen Ceratocystis polonica, which is vectored by bark beetles (Ips typographus) and is usually present during fatal beetle attacks. Monomeric and dimeric flavan-3-ols were analyzed by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, while the size and subunit composition of larger PAs were characterized using a novel acid hydrolysis method and normal phase chromatography. Only flavan-3-ol monomers with 2,3-trans stereochemistry were detected in spruce bark; dimeric and larger PAs contained flavan-3-ols with both 2,3-trans and 2,3-cis stereochemistry. Levels of monomers as well as PAs with a higher degree of polymerization increased dramatically in spruce bark after infection by C. polonica. In accordance with their role in the biosynthesis of 2,3-trans-(+)-flavan-3-ols, transcript abundance of Norway spruce LEUCOANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE genes also increased significantly during fungal infection. Bioassays with C. polonica revealed that the levels of 2,3-trans-(+)-catechin and PAs that are produced in the tree in response to fungal infection inhibit C. polonica growth and can therefore be considered chemical defense compounds.
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