ArticleInfection and immunity2014
Characterization of heat-stable (STa) toxoids of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli fused to double mutant heat-labile toxin peptide in inducing neutralizing Anti-STa antibodies.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of Oral Pre-Exposure Secretory IgA Prophylactic Produced in Rice on Gut Microbiome Homeostasis.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- MecVax, an Epitope- and Structure-Based Broadly Protective Subunit Vaccine Against EnterotoxigenicMicroorganisms · 2025Review
- Recent progress in enterotoxigenicInfection and immunity · 2025Review
- Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Vaccine Candidate MecVax With Protein Antigens Prepared From Animal-Free Media Is Equally Immunogenic and Protective Against Adhesins CFA/I, CS1-CS6 and Toxins LT and STa.Microbiology and immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- Immunogenicity and preclinical efficacy characterization of ShecVax, a combined vaccine againstInfection and immunity · 2025Article
- Preparation and Evaluation of Novel Epitope-Based ETEC K88-K99 Bivalent Vaccine.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Heterologous prime-boost immunization of two-component vaccine candidate PWDVax protected pigs against F18 enterotoxigenicInfection and immunity · 2025Article
- A Novel Multiepitope Fusion Antigen as a Vaccine Candidate for the Prevention of EnterotoxigenicVaccines · 2024Article
- Protein-based vaccine candidate MecVax broadly protects against enterotoxigenicInfection and immunity · 2023Article
- Anti-Toxin Responses to Natural EnterotoxigenicMicroorganisms · 2023Article
- A Polyvalent Adhesin-Toxoid Multiepitope-Fusion-Antigen-Induced Functional Antibodies against Five EnterotoxigenicMicroorganisms · 2023Article
- Polyvalent Protein Adhesin MEFA-II Induces Functional Antibodies against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Adhesins CS7, CS12, CS14, CS17, and CS21 and Heat-Stable Toxin (STa).Applied and environmental microbiology · 2023Article
- A polyvalent multiepitope protein cross-protects againstProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Evaluation of Multivalent EnterotoxigenicApplied and environmental microbiology · 2022Article
- Intramuscularly Administered EnterotoxigenicMicrobiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Intradermally Administered Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Vaccine Candidate MecVax Induces Functional Serum Immunoglobulin G Antibodies against Seven Adhesins (CFA/I and CS1 through CS6) and Both Toxins (STa and LT).Applied and environmental microbiology · 2022Article
- A multi-epitope fusion antigen candidate vaccine for Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is protective against strain B7A colonization in a rabbit model.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Preclinical Characterization of Immunogenicity and Efficacy against Diarrhea from MecVax, a Multivalent Enterotoxigenic E. coli Vaccine Candidate.Infection and immunity · 2021Article
- Application of a Novel Epitope- and Structure-Based Vaccinology-Assisted Fimbria-Toxin Multiepitope Fusion Antigen of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli for Development of Multivalent Vaccines against Porcine Postweaning Diarrhea.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
A long-standing challenge in developing vaccines against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), the most common bacteria causing diarrhea in children of developing countries and travelers to these countries, is to protect against heat-stable toxin type Ib (STa or hSTa). STa and heat-labile toxin (LT) are virulence determinants in ETEC diarrhea. LT antigens are often used in vaccine development, but STa has not been included because of its poor immunogenicity and potent toxicity. Toxic STa is not safe for vaccines, but only STa possessing toxicity is believed to be able to induce neutralizing antibodies. However, recent studies demonstrated that nontoxic STa derivatives (toxoids), after being fused to an LT protein, induced neutralizing antibodies and suggested that different STa toxoids fused to an LT protein might exhibit different STa antigenic propensity. In this study, we selected 14 STa toxoids from a mini-STa toxoid library based on toxicity reduction and reactivity to anti-native STa antibodies, and genetically fused each toxoid to a monomeric double mutant LT (dmLT) peptide for 14 STa-toxoid-dmLT toxoid fusions. These toxoid fusions were used to immunize mice and were characterized for induction of anti-STa antibody response. The results showed that different STa toxoids (in fusions) varied greatly in anti-STa antigenicity. Among them, STaN12S, STaN12T, and STaA14H were the top toxoids in inducing anti-STa antibodies. In vitro neutralization assays indicated that antibodies induced by the 3×STaN12S-dmLT fusion antigen exhibited the greatest neutralizing activity against STa toxin. These results suggested 3×STaN12S-dmLT is a preferred fusion antigen to induce an anti-STa antibody response and provided long-awaited information for effective ETEC vaccine development.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.