ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2014
Drinking, smoking, and educational achievement: cross-lagged associations from adolescence to adulthood.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 104 citations in OpenAlex.
- The genetics of cannabis lifetime use.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- A randomized clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of a brief alcohol intervention supplemented with a substance-free activity session or relaxation training.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology · 2019Trial
- Alcohol use during a trial of N-acetylcysteine for adolescent marijuana cessation.Addictive behaviors · 2016Trial
- The Reciprocal Relation Between Adolescents' School Engagement and Alcohol Consumption, and the Role of Parental Support.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2016Trial
- Positive and negative risk-taking behaviors in adolescents: Distinct characteristics, interrelationships, and influencing factors.World journal of psychiatry · 2025Review
- Smoking and asthma mediate the protective effect of educational attainment on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk: a mediation Mendelian randomization analysis.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2025Article
- A case study in developmental discontinuity: PROSPER Interventions and adolescent substance use trajectories shape young adult substance use and mental health problems.Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence · 2024Article
- Association between adolescent alcohol use and cognitive function in young adulthood: A co-twin comparison study.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2024Article
- Adolescent risk behaviours are associated with educational attainment in early adulthood: results from the Raine Study cohort.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Emotional dysregulation among English-speaking Hispanic persons who smoke living in the United states.Addictive behaviors · 2024Article
- Birth Cohort‒Specific Smoking Patterns by Family Income in the U.S.American journal of preventive medicine · 2023Article
- Genetic and Environmental Factors Underlying Parallel Changes in Body Mass Index and Alcohol Consumption: A 36-Year Longitudinal Study of Adult Twins.Obesity facts · 2023Article
- Article
- Transactions between Problem Behaviors and Academic Performance in Early Childhood.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Smoking remains associated with education after controlling for social background and genetic factors in a study of 18 twin cohorts.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Does smoking cause lower educational attainment and general cognitive ability? Triangulation of causal evidence using multiple study designs.Psychological medicine · 2022Article
- Determinants of good academic performance among university students in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.BMC medical education · 2022Article
- The role of health literacy in the association between academic performance and substance use.European journal of public health · 2022Article
- Current Inequities in Smoking Prevalence on District Level in Iran: A Systematic Analysis on the STEPS Survey.Journal of research in health sciences · 2021Article
- E-cigarette initiation predicts subsequent academic performance among youth: Results from the PATH Study.Preventive medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAdolescent substance use is associated with lower educational achievement but the directionality of the association remains uncertain. We analyzed data on drinking, smoking and educational achievement to study the associations between substance use and education from early adolescence to young adulthood.
methodsLongitudinal data from four time points (ages 12, 14, 17, and 19-27 years) from a population-based cohort study of Finnish twin individuals were used to estimate bivariate cross-lagged path models for substance use and educational achievement, adjusting for sex, parental covariates, and adolescent externalizing behavior. A total of 4761 individuals (49.4% females) were included in the analyses. Educational achievement was assessed with teacher-reported grade point average at ages 12 and 14, and with self-reported student status and completed education at age 17 and in young adulthood. From self-reported questionnaire items, frequency of any drinking, frequency of drinking to intoxication, any smoking and daily smoking were analyzed.
resultsAlcohol use and smoking behaviors at ages 12 and 14 predicted lower educational achievement at later time points even after previous achievement and confounding factors were taken into account. Lower school achievement in adolescence predicted a higher likelihood of engaging in smoking behaviors but did not predict later alcohol use. Higher educational attainment at age 17 predicted more frequent drinking in young adulthood.
conclusionsAdolescent drinking behaviors are associated with lower future educational achievement independently of prior achievement, whereas smoking both predicts and is predicted by lower achievement. Early substance use indexes elevated risk for poor educational outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.