ReviewAmerican journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)2014
Research gaps in defining the biological link between HIV risk and hormonal contraception.
Review in American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Effect of Exogenous Sex Steroids on the Vaginal Microbiota: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Pooled it
- Hormonal contraceptive use and women's risk of HIV acquisition: a meta-analysis of observational studies.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2015Pooled it
- The Effect of Contraception on Genital Cytokines in Women Randomized to Copper Intrauterine Device, Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, or Levonorgestrel Implant.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Trial
- Use of contraceptive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate is associated with impaired cervicovaginal mucosal integrity.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2018Trial
- Effects of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device on the immune microenvironment of the human cervix and endometrium.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2016Trial
- Intravaginal practices among HIV-negative female sex workers along the US-Mexico border and their implications for emerging HIV prevention interventions.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2016Trial
- Levels of Genital Tract Defensins and Cytokines Differ between HIV-Uninfected US and African Women.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2015Trial
- Mutations Inactivating Biosynthesis of Dispensable Carbohydrate-Antigens Prevented Extinctions in Primate/Human Lineage Evolution.Journal of molecular evolution · 2025Review
- Evaluating the impact of three progestin-based hormonal contraceptive methods on immunologic changes in the female genital tract and systemically (CHIME Study): a prospective cohort study protocol.BMC women's health · 2022Article
- A Summary of the Fourth Annual Virology Education HIV Microbiome Workshop.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2020Article
- Norethisterone Enanthate Increases Mouse Susceptibility to Genital Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 and HIV Type 1.ImmunoHorizons · 2020Article
- Crosstalk Between Female Gonadal Hormones and Vaginal Microbiota Across Various Phases of Women's Gynecological Lifecycle.Frontiers in microbiology · 2020Article
- Aberrant cervical innate immunity predicts onset of dysbiosis and sexually transmitted infections in women of reproductive age.PloS one · 2020Article
- Hormonal Contraception and Vaginal Infections Among Couples Who Are Human Immunodeficiency Virus Serodiscordant in Lusaka, Zambia.Obstetrics and gynecology · 2019Article
- HIV risk associated with serum medroxyprogesterone acetate levels among women in East and southern Africa.AIDS (London, England) · 2019Article
- Bacterial vaginosis modifies the association between hormonal contraception and HIV acquisition.AIDS (London, England) · 2018Article
- Is a lower-dose, subcutaneous contraceptive injectable containing depot medroxyprogesterone acetate likely to impact women's risk of HIV?Contraception · 2018Article
- Hormonal Contraception and HIV-1 Acquisition: Biological Mechanisms.Endocrine reviews · 2018Review
- Role of sex hormones and the vaginal microbiome in susceptibility and mucosal immunity to HIV-1 in the female genital tract.AIDS research and therapy · 2017Review
- Progesterone-based compounds affect immune responses and susceptibility to infections at diverse mucosal sites.Mucosal immunology · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Epidemiologic data suggest an association between depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), a progesterone-based hormonal contraceptive, and increased risk of HIV acquisition and transmission. DMPA is highly effective and is among the most commonly used form of hormonal contraception in areas of high HIV prevalence. Thus, defining the biological mechanisms that contribute to the potential negative synergy between DMPA and HIV is key and may facilitate the identification of alternative contraceptive strategies. Proposed mechanisms include thinning or disruption of the cervicovaginal epithelial barrier, induction of mucosal inflammation, interference with innate and adaptive soluble and cellular immune responses, and/or alterations in the vaginal microbiome. DMPA may also indirectly increase the risk of HIV by promoting genital herpes or other sexually transmitted infections. However, there is a paucity of rigorous in vitro, animal model and clinical data to support these potential mechanisms highlighting the need for future research.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.