ArticlePediatrics2014
Invasive procedures in preterm children: brain and cognitive development at school age.
Article in Pediatrics, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 102 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
102 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Venepuncture versus heel lance for blood sampling in term neonates.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2026Pooled it
- Clinical rating scales for assessing pain in newborn infants.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Sucrose analgesia for heel-lance procedures in neonates.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- [Evidence-based guideline for neonatal pain management in China (2023)].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2023Guideline
- Skin-to-skin care for procedural pain in neonates.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016Pooled it
- Development of Cardiovascular Indices of Acute Pain Responding in Infants: A Systematic Review.Pain research & management · 2016Pooled it
- Trial
- Behavioural and cognitive outcomes following an early stress-reduction intervention for very preterm and extremely preterm infants.Pediatric research · 2019Trial
- Sweeter recovery, less intravenous fluids: a NICU quality improvement initiative for managing neonatal hypoglycemia.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Clinical effectiveness and safety of laser lancing for heel puncture in preterm infants: a randomized crossover non-inferiority trial.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Sweet relief or lasting impacts? Review of neonatal pain and sucrose in developing rodents.Pain reports · 2025Article
- Physiological Stability During Kangaroo Mother Care Among Very-Low-Birthweight Premature Infants, Supported by Non-Invasive Respiratory Support.Journal of paediatrics and child health · 2025Observational
- Cognitive, motor, and behavioral outcomes in preterm infants exposed to opioids.Pediatric research · 2025Article
- Burden of "Pokes" in Newborns With Hypoglycemia Who Require IV Dextrose.Hospital pediatrics · 2025Article
- Prefrontal Cortical Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Acute Pain Assessment in Infants: A Feasibility Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Current practices in neonatal pain management: a decade after the last Italian survey.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Exposure to clinical stressors during NICU admission in preterm infants.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Decoding of pain during heel lancing in human neonates with EEG signal and machine learning approach.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- A comparison of the effect of procedural pain on cerebral oxygen saturation between late preterm and term infants.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2024Article
42 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundVery preterm infants (born 24-32 weeks' gestation) undergo numerous invasive procedures during neonatal care. Repeated skin-breaking procedures in rodents cause neuronal cell death, and in human preterm neonates higher numbers of invasive procedures from birth to term-equivalent age are associated with abnormal brain development, even after controlling for other clinical risk factors. It is unknown whether higher numbers of invasive procedures are associated with long-term alterations in brain microstructure and cognitive outcome at school age in children born very preterm.
methodsFifty children born very preterm underwent MRI and cognitive testing at median age 7.6 years (interquartile range, 7.5-7.7). T1- and T2-weighted images were assessed for the severity of brain injury. Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor sequences were used to measure fractional anisotropy (FA), an index of white matter (WM) maturation, from 7 anatomically defined WM regions. Child cognition was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV. Multivariate modeling was used to examine relationships between invasive procedures, brain microstructure, and cognition, adjusting for clinical confounders (eg, infection, ventilation, brain injury).
resultsGreater numbers of invasive procedures were associated with lower FA values of the WM at age 7 years (P = .01). The interaction between the number of procedures and FA was associated with IQ (P = .02), such that greater numbers of invasive procedures and lower FA of the superior WM were related to lower IQ.
conclusionsInvasive procedures during neonatal care contribute to long-term abnormalities in WM microstructure and lower IQ.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.