ArticleInternational journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance2013
Identification of differentially expressed proteins in sulfadiazine resistant and sensitive strains of Toxoplasma gondii using difference-gel electrophoresis (DIGE).
Article in International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- [Use of antiparasitic drugs in the prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis: systematic review and meta-analysis].Medecine tropicale et sante internationale · 2025Pooled it
- A novel anti-Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Intra-strain genetic heterogeneity in Toxoplasma gondii ME49: Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing reveals copy number variation in the ROP8-ROP2A locus.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Evaluation of anti-Journal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology · 2025Article
- Deciphering the code of resistance: a genomic and transcriptomic exploration of the Cystoisospora suis Holland-I strain.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Evaluation of anti-Toxoplasma effects of solid lipid nanoparticles carrying Cinnamon zeylanicum and Moringa oleifera oil extracts.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2024Article
- Anti-Toxoplasma gondii effects of XYP1-derived peptides and regulatory mechanisms of XYP1.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Investigating Antiprotozoal Chemotherapies with Novel Proteomic Tools-Chances and Limitations: A Critical Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Anti-Food science & nutrition · 2024Article
- Proteomics Applications inPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Animal venoms: a novel source of anti-Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
- Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of ethanamizuril-resistant versus -sensitive strains of Eimeria tenella.Parasites & vectors · 2022Article
- Molecular characterization of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Eimeria tenella.Parasitology research · 2022Article
- Mining the Proteome ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Review
- Toxoplasmosis: Current and Emerging Parasite Druggable Targets.Microorganisms · 2021Review
- Determination of parasitic burden in the brain tissue of infected mice in acute toxoplasmosis after treatment by fluconazole combined with sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine.European journal of medical research · 2021Article
- Determination of lumefantrine as an effective drug againstParasitology · 2021Article
- Molecular characterization of surface antigen 10 of Eimeria tenella.Parasitology research · 2019Article
- Protein quality control machinery in intracellular protozoan parasites: hopes and challenges for therapeutic targeting.Cell stress & chaperones · 2019Review
- Treatment of toxoplasmosis: Current options and future perspectives.Food and waterborne parasitology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Treatment options for toxoplasmosis in humans are generally limited to the use of sulfonamide and/or pyrimethamine-based compounds. However, there is increasing evidence for clinical therapy failures in patients suggesting the existence of drug resistance in these classes of drug. In vitro resistance to sulfadiazine has been detected in three strains of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from clinical cases. In order to begin to understand the mechanisms of resistance, we undertook a difference-gel electrophoresis (DIGE) approach combined with mass spectrometry to identify proteins that are differentially expressed in sulfadiazine-resistance strains of the parasite. Naturally resistant strains TgA 103001 (Type I), TgH 32006 (Type II) and TgH 32045 (Type II variant) were compared to sensitive strains RH (Type I) and ME-49 (Type II) using DIGE and the modulated proteins analyzed using LC-MS/MS. In total, 68 differentially expressed protein spots were analyzed by mass spectrometer and 31 unique proteins, including four hypothetical proteins, were identified. Among the differentially expressed proteins, 44% were over-expressed in resistant strains and 56% were over-expressed in sensitive strains. The virulence-associated rhoptry protein, ROP2A, was found in greater abundance in both naturally resistant Type II strains TgH 32006 and TgH 32045 compared to the sensitive strain ME-49. Enolase 2 and IMC1 were found to be in greater abundance in sensitive strains RH and ME-49, and MIC2 was found to be more abundant in the sensitive strain ME-49. Proteins regulation of ROP2, MIC2, ENO2, IMC1 and GRA7 were confirmed by Western blot analysis. In addition, gene expression patterns of ROP2, MIC2, ENO2 and IMC1 were analyzed with qRT-PCR. This study provides the first proteomics insights into sulfadiazine resistance in T. gondii resistant strains isolated from clinical cases.
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