ArticleThe British journal of ophthalmology2014
Screening for convergence insufficiency using the CISS is not indicated in young adults.
Article in The British journal of ophthalmology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies and age-related changes in binocular vision among middle-aged and older adults: a systematic review.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Pooled it
- Binocular Vision Anomalies: An Update on Prevalence, Impact, Technological and Treatment Developments and Current Challenges.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Review
- Oculomotor Vergence Eye Movement Endurance in Normal Vision via Virtual Reality-Integrated Eye Tracking.Journal of eye movement research · 2026Article
- Frequency of Convergence Insufficiency Among Young Adults in a University Population.The British and Irish orthoptic journal · 2026Article
- Article
- Validation of Binocular Vision and Ocular Surface Assessment Tools in Digital Eye Strain Syndrome: The DESIROUS Study.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Article
- Binocular vision disorders and refractive errors on university students' quality of life.International journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Prevalence of Near-Vision-Related Symptoms in a University Population.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Diagnostic values of questionnaires of Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey and College of Optometrists Vision Development Quality of Life in the screening of convergence insufficiency.International journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Validation of the Symptom Questionnaire for Visual Dysfunctions (SQVD): A Questionnaire to Evaluate Symptoms of any Type of Visual Dysfunctions.Translational vision science & technology · 2022Article
- Characterizing Refractive Errors, Near Accommodative and Vergence Anomalies and Symptoms in an Optometry Clinic.The British and Irish orthoptic journal · 2022Article
- Effect of corneal refractive surgery on accommodative and binocular dysfunctions among civilian pilots in Southwest China.BMC ophthalmology · 2021Article
- Differential diagnosis of vergence and saccade disorders in dyslexia.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- The Influence of COVID-19 Isolation on Physical Activity Habits and Its Relationship with Convergence Insufficiency.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Reflexive Fusional Vergence and Its Plasticity Are Impaired in Convergence Insufficiency.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2020Article
- Article
- Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of clinical signs for screening of convergence insufficiency in young adults.PloS one · 2020Article
- Convergence insufficiency and accommodative insufficiency in children.BMC ophthalmology · 2019Article
- Article
- Objective Evaluation of Vergence Disorders and a Research-Based Novel Method for Vergence Rehabilitation.Translational vision science & technology · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
aimThis paper presents Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) and orthoptic findings in a sample of typical young adults who considered themselves to have normal eyesight apart from weak spectacles.
methodsThe CISS questionnaire was administered, followed by a full orthoptic evaluation, to 167 university undergraduate and postgraduate students during the recruitment phase of another study. The primary criterion for recruitment to this study was that participants 'felt they had normal eyesight'. A CISS score of ≥21 was used to define 'significant' symptoms, and convergence insufficiency (CI) was defined as convergence ≥8 cm from the nose with a fusion range <15Δ base-out with small or no exophoria.
resultsThe group mean CISS score was 15.4. In all, 17 (10%) of the participants were diagnosed with CI, but 11 (65%) of these did not have significant symptoms. 41 (25%) participants returned a 'high' CISS score of ≥21 but only 6 (15%) of these had genuine CI. Sensitivity of the CISS to detect CI in this asymptomatic sample was 38%; specificity 77%; positive predictive value 15%; and negative predictive value 92%. The area under a receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.596 (95% CI 0.46 to 0.73).
conclusions'Visual symptoms' are common in young adults, but often not related to any clinical defect, while true CI may be asymptomatic. This study suggests that screening for CI is not indicated.
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Registered trials
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