ArticleImmunogenetics2014
Vγ9 and Vδ2 T cell antigen receptor genes and butyrophilin 3 (BTN3) emerged with placental mammals and are concomitantly preserved in selected species like alpaca (Vicugna pacos).
Article in Immunogenetics, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unconventional T cells in urological cancers: catch them if you can.Nature reviews. Urology · 2026Review
- γδ T Cells at the Crossroads of Tuberculosis and COPD: From Early Immunity to Tissue Remodeling.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Leveraging a synthetic biology approach to enhance BCG-mediated expansion of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells.PloS one · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- A distinct topology of BTN3A IgV and B30.2 domains controlled by juxtamembrane regions favors optimal human γδ T cell phosphoantigen sensing.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Phenotypic and functional characterization of pharmacologically expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in pigtail macaques.iScience · 2023Article
- A close look at current γδ T-cell immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Butyrophilins: γδ T Cell Receptor Ligands, Immunomodulators and More.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- γδ T Cell in Cerebral Ischemic Stroke: Characteristic, Immunity-Inflammatory Role, and Therapy.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Review
- Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells Concurrently Kill Cancer Cells and Cross-Present Tumor Antigens.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Ligand recognition by the γδ TCR and discrimination between homeostasis and stress conditions.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2020Review
- T Cell Immunity to Bacterial Pathogens: Mechanisms of Immune Control and Bacterial Evasion.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Fetal public Vγ9Vδ2 T cells expand and gain potent cytotoxic functions early after birth.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2020Article
- Review
- Alpaca (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2020Article
- Review
- Butyrophilin-2A1 Directly Binds Germline-Encoded Regions of the Vγ9Vδ2 TCR and Is Essential for Phosphoantigen Sensing.Immunity · 2020Article
- Expansion With IL-15 Increases Cytotoxicity of Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells and Is Associated With Higher Levels of Cytotoxic Molecules and T-bet.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Analysis of macaque BTN3A genes and transcripts in the extended MHC: conserved orthologs of human γδ T cell modulators.Immunogenetics · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells recognize phosphorylated products of isoprenoid metabolism (phosphoantigens) PAg with TCR comprising Vγ9JP γ-chains and Vδ2 δ-chains dependent on butyrophilin 3 (BTN3) expressed by antigen-presenting cells. They are massively activated in many infections and show anti-tumor activity and so far, they have been considered to exist only in higher primates. We performed a comprehensive analysis of databases and identified the three genes in species of both placental magnorders, but not in rodents. The common occurrence or loss of in silico translatable Vγ9, Vδ2, and BTN3 genes suggested their co-evolution based on a functional relationship. In the peripheral lymphocytes of alpaca (Vicugna pacos), characteristic Vγ9JP rearrangements and in-frame Vδ2 rearrangements were found and could be co-expressed in a TCR-negative mouse T cell hybridoma where they rescued CD3 expression and function. Finally, database sequence analysis of the extracellular domain of alpaca BTN3 revealed complete conservation of proposed PAg binding residues of human BTN3A1. In summary, we show emergence and preservation of Vγ9 and Vδ2 TCR genes with the gene of the putative antigen-presenting molecule BTN3 in placental mammals and lay the ground for analysis of alpaca as candidate for a first non-primate species to possess Vγ9Vδ2 T cells.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.