ArticleAnesthesiology2014
Patterns of opioid utilization in pregnancy in a large cohort of commercial insurance beneficiaries in the United States.
Article in Anesthesiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 108 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
108 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Opioid exposure during pregnancy and the risk of congenital malformation: a meta-analysis of cohort studies.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Pooled it
- Childhood neurodevelopment after prescription of maintenance methadone for opioid dependency in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Developmental medicine and child neurology · 2019Pooled it
- Maternal Use of Opioids During Pregnancy and Congenital Malformations: A Systematic Review.Pediatrics · 2017Pooled it
- A Clinical Trial of a Program for Pain Management and Opioid Reduction During Pregnancy.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2022Trial
- Individualized Compared With Standard Postdischarge Oxycodone Prescribing After Cesarean Birth: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Obstetrics and gynecology · 2018Trial
- Randomized pilot study comparing standard vs high-calorie feeding in infants with Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Trends and Characteristics of Opioid Use During Pregnancy Between 2010 and 2023: A French Nationwide Drug Utilization Study.European journal of pain (London, England) · 2026Article
- Impact of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs on Postpartum Opioid Prescribing Practices.Health services research · 2026Article
- Maternal opioid use disorder and hepatitis C infection in pregnancy reshape the peripheral immune landscape at term.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Antirheumatic medication use among pregnant women with rheumatoid arthritis: a Norwegian nationwide drug utilisation study.EULAR rheumatology open · 2026Article
- Anxiety, Depression, and Emotional Dysregulation Following Prenatal Substance Exposure.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Opioid analgesic use during pregnancy: a drug utilization cohort study in Catalonia.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Typologies of Maternal Substance Use in Pregnancy: Latent Classes and Sociodemographic Correlates in a U.S. Sample.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs · 2025Article
- Relationships Between Perinatal Physical Activity and Pain During Labor and Postpartum.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2025Article
- Gastruloids enable modeling of the earliest stages of human cardiac and hepatic vascularization.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Pharmacotherapy research landscape and knowledge gaps of opioids in maternal and pediatric populations.Pharmacotherapy · 2025Review
- Evaluating the Usability, Acceptability, User Experience, and Design of an Interactive Responsive Platform to Improve Perinatal Nurses' Stigmatizing Attitudes Toward Substance Use in Pregnancy: Mixed Methods Study.JMIR human factors · 2025Article
- Early parent-child interaction and home environments of children exposed prenatally to opioids: A comparison of biological mothers and out-of-home caregivers.Infant mental health journal · 2025Article
- Maternal exposure to buprenorphine, but not methadone, during pregnancy reduces social play behavior across two generations of offspring.Psychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Disclosure Patterns of Opioid Use Disorders in Perinatal Care During the Opioid Epidemic on X From 2019 to 2021: Thematic Analysis.JMIR pediatrics and parenting · 2024Article
48 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThere are few data regarding the utilization of opioids during pregnancy. The objective of this study was to define the prevalence and patterns of opioid use in a large cohort of pregnant women who were commercial insurance beneficiaries.
methodsData for the study were derived from a deidentified research database of women from across the United States who had both medical and prescription benefits. By using diagnostic codes, the authors defined a cohort of 534,500 women with completed pregnancies who were enrolled in a commercial insurance plan from 6 months before pregnancy through delivery.
resultsOverall, 76,742 women (14.4%) were dispensed an opioid at some point during pregnancy. There were 30,566 women (5.7%) dispensed an opioid during the first trimester, 30,434 women (5.7%) during the second trimester, and 34,906 women (6.5%) during the third trimester. Of these, 11,747 women (2.2%) were dispensed opioids three or more times during pregnancy. The most commonly dispensed opioids during pregnancy were hydrocodone (6.8%), codeine (6.1%), and oxycodone (2.0%). The prevalence of exposure at anytime during pregnancy decreased slightly during the study period from 14.9% for pregnancies that delivered in 2005 to 12.9% in 2011. The prevalence of exposure varied significantly by region and was lowest in the Northeast and highest in the South.
conclusionsThis study demonstrates that opioids are very common exposures during pregnancy. Given the small and inconsistent body of literature on their safety in pregnancy, these findings suggest a need for research in this area.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.