SynthesisThe European respiratory journal2014
Financial burden for tuberculosis patients in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.
Synthesis in The European respiratory journal, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 303 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
303 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 576 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Financial burden of tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment for patients in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Economic burden of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis on patients and households: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- Satisfaction of tuberculosis patients to healthcare services at the global level: A systematic review.Health & social care in the community · 2022Pooled it
- Xpert Ultra stool testing to diagnose tuberculosis in children in Ethiopia and Indonesia: a model-based cost-effectiveness analysis.BMJ open · 2022Pooled it
- Rapid molecular tests for tuberculosis and tuberculosis drug resistance: a qualitative evidence synthesis of recipient and provider views.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the catastrophic costs incurred by tuberculosis patients.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Impact of latent tuberculosis infection on health and wellbeing: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2021Pooled it
- Impact of mental disorders on active TB treatment outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · 2020Pooled it
- An extended cost-effectiveness analysis of decentralised TB diagnostic testing with Molbio Truenat MTB/RIF versus hub-and-spoke GeneXpert MTB/RIF in Mozambique and Tanzania.BMJ global health · 2025Trial
- In-Person vs Electronic Directly Observed Therapy for Tuberculosis Treatment Adherence: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial.JAMA network open · 2022Trial
- Computer-aided X-ray screening for tuberculosis and HIV testing among adults with cough in Malawi (the PROSPECT study): A randomised trial and cost-effectiveness analysis.PLoS medicine · 2021Trial
- Hidden out-of-pocket spending on health: A cross-sectional study on underestimation of catastrophic health spending in Vietnam.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Discovery of potent DprE1-targeted antitubercular agents: synthesis and evaluation of PBTZ169/TBA7371-based derivatives.Molecular diversity · 2026Article
- Household structures and exposure networks among people with multidrug-resistant TB in Namibia.IJTLD open · 2026Article
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Lipoarabinomannan as a Rapid Rule-Out Tool for Smear-Negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis in a Nonhuman Immunodeficiency Virus-Predominant, High-Burden Setting: A Prospective Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- New Strategies in Tuberculosis Prediction: TB-CAST, an Explainable Baseline Score for Two-Month Sputum Culture Positivity.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Mediating Role of Depression and Anxiety in the Association Between Food Insecurity and Delayed TB Treatment in Botswana: A Cross-Sectional Study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Assessment of financial protection mechanisms for tuberculosis services in seven priority countries of the Western Pacific Region: a cross-sectional mixed-methods study.Tropical medicine and health · 2026Article
243 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
In order to inform the development of appropriate strategies to improve financial risk protection, we conducted a systematic literature review of the financial burden of tuberculosis (TB) faced by patients and affected families. The mean total costs ranged from $55 to $8198, with an unweighted average of $847. On average, 20% (range 0-62%) of the total cost was due to direct medical costs, 20% (0-84%) to direct non-medical costs, and 60% (16-94%) to income loss. Half of the total cost was incurred before TB treatment. On average, the total cost was equivalent to 58% (range 5-306%) of reported annual individual and 39% (4-148%) of reported household income. Cost as percentage of income was particularly high among poor people and those with multidrug-resistant TB. Commonly reported coping mechanisms included taking a loan and selling household items. The total cost of TB for patients can be catastrophic. Income loss often constitutes the largest financial risk for patients. Apart from ensuring that healthcare services are fairly financed and delivered in a way that minimises direct and indirect costs, there is a need to ensure that TB patients and affected families receive appropriate income replacement and other social protection interventions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.