ArticleClinical and vaccine immunology : CVI2014
Trained immunity or tolerance: opposing functional programs induced in human monocytes after engagement of various pattern recognition receptors.
Article in Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 221 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
221 citing papers in PubMed, 342 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maturation-Dependent Constraints in the Ability of Human Monocytes to Initiate Trained Immunity.MedComm · 2026Article
- LPS and β-Glucan Induce Differential Memory-like Inflammatory Responses with Enhanced Reactivity in Neonatal Neutrophils Compared to Adults.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Review
- Trained immunity modulators: A new frontier in immunoregulation and disease intervention.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Trained Immunity Induced by Vaccines: A Shifting Paradigm for Infant and Adult Immunity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Monocyte/macrophage-mediated trained immunity in disease prevention and immunotherapy.Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- Prophylactic Inhaled Pattern Recognition Receptor Agonists Reprogram Lung Epithelial Response and Prevent Type 2 Allergic Inflammation.European journal of immunology · 2026Article
- Recent perspectives on macrophage memory: types, mechanisms, and characteristics in pulmonary diseases.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- Review
- Predicting susceptibility to inflammaging using a genetic inflammatory index through Prakriti-based phenotypic stratification.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- RNA modifications shape innate immunity and cellular adaptation during bacterial respiratory infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Editorial: Targeting the immunogenicity of cancer cells in anticancer therapies: from innate immunity to adaptive immune system implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Cross-talk between lipopolysaccharide tolerance and AGEs in the regulation of macrophage inflammation and cholesterol efflux.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Host- and pathogen-related determinants of pulmonaryEuropean respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Review
- Agent-specific training directs distinctive immune response againstFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Exercise, mitochondrial stress, and trained immunity: metabolic adaptation of innate immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Introduction to the Immune System.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Review
- Interactions between Innate Immune Memory and the Central Nervous System.Neuroimmunomodulation · 2026Review
- Review
- Gut bacteriophages induce specific-reprogramming of macrophages to generate a protective innate immunity response to lipopolysaccharide exposure.Gut microbes · 2025Article
161 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Upon priming with Candida albicans or with the fungal cell wall component β-glucan, monocytes respond with an increased cytokine production upon restimulation, a phenomenon termed "trained immunity." In contrast, the prestimulation of monocytes with lipopolysaccharide has long been known to induce tolerance. Because the vast majority of commensal microorganisms belong to bacterial or viral phyla, we sought to systematically investigate the functional reprogramming of monocytes induced by the stimulation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) with various bacterial or viral ligands. Monocytes were functionally programmed for either enhanced (training) or decreased (tolerance) cytokine production, depending on the type and concentration of ligand they encountered. The functional reprogramming of monocytes was also associated with cell shape, granulocity, and cell surface marker modifications. The training effect required p38- and Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK)-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, with specific signaling patterns directing the functional fate of the cell. The long-term effects on the function of monocytes were mediated by epigenetic events, with both histone methylation and acetylation inhibitors blocking the training effects. In conclusion, our experiments identify the ability of monocytes to acquire adaptive characteristics after prior activation with a wide variety of ligands. Trained immunity and tolerance are two distinct and opposing functional programs induced by the specific microbial ligands engaging the monocytes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.