Trial reportBMC pediatrics2014
Sex differences in responses to antiretroviral treatment in South African HIV-infected children on ritonavir-boosted lopinavir- and nevirapine-based treatment.
Trial report in BMC pediatrics, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00117728 (Clinical Relevance of Nevirapine Resistance), which is not on this map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Clinical Relevance of Nevirapine Resistance
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Oral health and behavioral problems in children living with and without HIV in South Africa.AIDS care · 2025Article
- Growth Trajectories Over the First Year of Life Among Early-Treated Infants with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Infants Who are Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Exposed Uninfected.The Journal of pediatrics · 2024Article
- Contribution of Sex Differences to HIV Immunology, Pathogenesis, and Cure Approaches.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Sex-related susceptibility in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Proposed mechanisms.European journal of pharmacology · 2021Article
- The "sex gap" in COVID-19 trials: a scoping review.EClinicalMedicine · 2020Article
- Clinic-level and individual-level factors that influence HIV viral suppression in adolescents and young adults: a national survey in Kenya.AIDS (London, England) · 2020Article
- Impact of sex and gender on COVID-19 outcomes in Europe.Biology of sex differences · 2020Review
- Deficits in Bone Architecture and Strength in Children Living With HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2020Article
- Distinct epigenetic profiles in children with perinatally-acquired HIV on antiretroviral therapy.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Loss to follow-up from antiretroviral therapy clinics: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies in South Africa from 2011 to 2015.Southern African journal of HIV medicine · 2019Article
- Metabolic effects of initiating lopinavir/ritonavir-based regimens among young children.AIDS (London, England) · 2018Article
- Gender disparity in pediatrics: a review of the current literature.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2018Review
- Virological response and resistances over 12 months among HIV-infected children less than two years receiving first-line lopinavir/ritonavir-based antiretroviral therapy in Cote d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso: the MONOD ANRS 12206 cohort.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2017Article
- Clinical characteristics of pediatric HIV-1 patients treated with first-line antiretroviral therapy in Vietnam: a nested case-control study.International journal of public health · 2017Article
- The Diagnosis of HIV Infection in Infants and Children.Iranian journal of pathology · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWhile studies of HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral treatment (ART) report no sex differences in immune recovery and virologic response but more ART-associated complications in women, sex differences in disease progression and response to ART among children have not been well assessed. The objective of this study was to evaluate for sex differences in response to ART in South African HIV-infected children who were randomized to continue ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV/r)-based ART or switch to nevirapine-based ART.
methodsART outcomes in HIV-infected boys and girls in Johannesburg, South Africa from 2005-2010 were compared. Children initiated ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV/r)-based ART before 24 months of age and were randomized to remain on LPV/r or switch to nevirapine-based ART after achieving viral suppression. Children were followed for 76 weeks post-randomization and then long-term follow up continued for a minimum of 99 weeks and maximum of 245 weeks after randomization. Viral load, CD4 count, lipids, anthropometrics, drug concentrations, and adherence were measured at regular intervals. Outcomes were compared between sexes within treatment strata.
resultsA total of 323 children (median age 8.8 months, IQR 5.1-13.5), including 168 boys and 155 girls, initiated LPV/r-based ART and 195 children were randomized. No sex differences in risk of virological failure (confirmed viral load >1000 copies/mL) by 156 weeks post-randomization were observed within either treatment group. Girls switched to nevirapine had more robust CD4 count improvement relative to boys in this group through 112 weeks post-randomization. In addition, girls remaining on LPV/r had higher plasma concentrations of ritonavir than boys during post-randomization visits. After a mean of 3.4 years post-randomization, girls remaining on LPV/r also had a higher total cholesterol:HDL ratio and lower mean HDL than boys on LPV/r.
conclusionsSex differences are noted in treated HIV-infected children even at a young age, and appear to depend on treatment regimen. Future studies are warranted to determine biological mechanisms and clinical significance of these differences.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00117728.
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