SynthesisAmerican journal of epidemiology2014
Systematic review and meta-analysis of miscarriage and maternal exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy.
Synthesis in American journal of epidemiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 172 papers, 16 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
172 citing papers in PubMed, 16 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 375 citations in OpenAlex.
- Secondhand smoke exposure and human health: an umbrella review.Nature human behaviour · 2026Pooled it
- Clinical practice guideline "preconception care".Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2026Guideline
- Non-genetic risk factors of miscarriage: a comprehensive umbrella review of systematic review and meta-analysis.Reproductive health · 2025Pooled it
- Predictors of successful expectant and medical management of miscarriage: A systematic review.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2024Pooled it
- Australasian recurrent pregnancy loss clinical management guideline 2024, part II.The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology · 2024Guideline
- Maternal Factors for Intrauterine Growth Retardation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2023Pooled it
- Maternal smoking in pregnancy and blood pressure during childhood and adolescence: a meta-analysis.European journal of pediatrics · 2023Pooled it
- The correlation between prenatal maternal active smoking and neurodevelopmental disorders in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2023Pooled it
- Polymethylation scores for prenatal maternal smoke exposure persist until age 15 and are detected in saliva in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing cohort.Epigenetics · 2022Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of female lifestyle factors and risk of recurrent pregnancy loss.Scientific reports · 2021Pooled it
- Health outcomes of smoking during pregnancy and the postpartum period: an umbrella review.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The genetic architecture of sporadic and multiple consecutive miscarriage.Nature communications · 2020Pooled it
- Advanced paternal age is associated with an increased risk of spontaneous miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Human reproduction update · 2020Pooled it
- Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of pregnancy loss: a categorical and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies.Public health nutrition · 2016Pooled it
- A Meta-Analysis of Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy and Autism Spectrum Disorder Risk in Offspring.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2015Pooled it
- Predictors of Quit Attempts and Successful Smoking Abstinence in Pregnancy: An Exploratory Analysis of a Pooled Clinical Trial Dataset.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Trial
- Large multi-centre pilot randomized controlled trial testing a low-cost, tailored, self-help smoking cessation text message intervention for pregnant smokers (MiQuit).Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2017Trial
- Factors Associated With Not Smoking and Ceasing Smoking During Pregnancy Among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- A Preconception Cohort Study of Nicotine Vaping and Incidence of Spontaneous Abortion.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
112 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to characterize the relationship between smoking and miscarriage. We searched the PubMed database (1956-August 31, 2011) using keywords and conducted manual reference searches of included articles and reports of the US Surgeon General. The full text of 1,706 articles was reviewed, and 98 articles that examined the association between active or passive smoking and miscarriage were included in the meta-analysis. Data were abstracted by 2 reviewers. Any active smoking was associated with increased risk of miscarriage (summary relative risk ratio = 1.23, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16, 1.30; n = 50 studies), and this risk was greater when the smoking exposure was specifically defined as during the pregnancy in which miscarriage risk was measured (summary relative risk ratio = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.44; n = 25 studies). The risk of miscarriage increased with the amount smoked (1% increase in relative risk per cigarette smoked per day). Secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy increased the risk of miscarriage by 11% (95% CI: 0.95, 1.31; n = 17 studies). Biases in study publication, design, and analysis did not significantly affect the results. This finding strengthens the evidence that women should not smoke while pregnant, and all women of reproductive age should be warned that smoking increases the risk of miscarriage.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.