ArticleBritish journal of cancer2014
Combined effects of endogenous sex hormone levels and mammographic density on postmenopausal breast cancer risk: results from the Breakthrough Generations Study.
Article in British journal of cancer, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Linking Physical Activity to Breast Cancer via Sex Steroid Hormones, Part 2: The Effect of Sex Steroid Hormones on Breast Cancer Risk.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2022Pooled it
- Epigenome-wide association study for lifetime estrogen exposure identifies an epigenetic signature associated with breast cancer risk.Clinical epigenetics · 2019Pooled it
- Adolescent endogenous sex hormones and breast density in early adulthood.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2015Trial
- Establishment of harmonized international reference ranges for plasma estradiol concentrations in postmenopausal women.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- Review
- Hormonal determinants of mammographic density and density change.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2020Article
- Breast cancer risk prediction in women aged 35-50 years: impact of including sex hormone concentrations in the Gail model.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2019Article
- Mammographic breast density and its association with urinary estrogens and the fecal microbiota in postmenopausal women.PloS one · 2019Article
- Inclusion of Plasma Prolactin Levels in Current Risk Prediction Models of Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2018Article
- Addition of a polygenic risk score, mammographic density, and endogenous hormones to existing breast cancer risk prediction models: A nested case-control study.PLoS medicine · 2018Article
- Circulating anti-Müllerian hormone and breast cancer risk: A study in ten prospective cohorts.International journal of cancer · 2018Article
- Polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor alpha gene (ESR1), daily cycling estrogen and mammographic density phenotypes.BMC cancer · 2016Article
- Relationship of serum estrogens and metabolites with area and volume mammographic densities.Hormones & cancer · 2015Article
- Endogenous sex hormones and breast density in young women.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2015Article
- Gene variations in oestrogen pathways, CYP19A1, daily 17β-estradiol and mammographic density phenotypes in premenopausal women.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2014Article
- Inclusion of endogenous hormone levels in risk prediction models of postmenopausal breast cancer.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2014Article
- Diverse pathomechanisms leading to the breakdown of cellular estrogen surveillance and breast cancer development: new therapeutic strategies.Drug design, development and therapy · 2014Review
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMammographic density and sex hormone levels are strong risk factors for breast cancer, but it is unclear whether they represent the same aetiological entity or are independent risk factors.
methodsWithin the Breakthrough Generations Study cohort, we conducted a case-control study of 265 postmenopausal breast cancer cases and 343 controls with prediagnostic mammograms and blood samples. Plasma was assayed for oestradiol, testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations and mammographic density assessed by Cumulus.
resultsOestradiol and testosterone were negatively and SHBG positively associated with percentage density and absolute dense area, but after adjusting for body mass index the associations remained significant only for SHBG. Breast cancer risk was independently and significantly positively associated with percentage density (P=0.002), oestradiol (P=0.002) and testosterone (P=0.007) levels. Women in the highest tertile of both density and sex hormone level were at greatest risk, with an odds ratio of 7.81 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.89-21.1) for oestradiol and 4.57 (95% CI: 1.75-11.9) for testosterone and high density compared with those who were in the lowest tertiles. The cumulative risk of breast cancer in the highest oestradiol and density tertiles, representing 8% of controls, was estimated as 12.8% at ages 50-69 years and 19.4% at ages 20-79 years, and in the lowest tertiles was 1.7% and 4.3%, respectively. Associations of breast cancer risk with tertiles of mammographic dense area were less strong than for percentage density.
conclusionsEndogenous sex hormone levels and mammographic density are independent risk factors for postmenopausal breast cancer, which in combination can identify women who might benefit from increased frequency of screening and chemoprophylaxis.
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