Observational studyBMJ open2014
Association between population prevalence of smoking and incidence of meningococcal disease in Norway, Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands between 1975 and 2009: a population-based time series analysis.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mapping local variation in household overcrowding across Africa from 2000 to 2018: a modelling study.The Lancet. Planetary health · 2022Article
- Introducing the Disease Outbreak Resilience Index (DORI) Using the Demographic and Health Surveys Data from sub-Saharan Africa.Social indicators research · 2022Article
- Environmental burden of disease from unsafe and substandard housing, New Zealand, 2010-2017.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2021Article
- Multiple Linear Regression Model of Meningococcal Disease in Ukraine: 1992-2015.Computational and mathematical methods in medicine · 2020Article
- Diversity of meningococci associated with invasive meningococcal disease in the Republic of Ireland over a 19 year period, 1996-2015.PloS one · 2020Article
- Overcrowding and health in two impoverished suburbs of Johannesburg, South Africa.BMC public health · 2019Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the relationship between the prevalence of smoking in the population and incidence of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) among children under 5 years of age.
designRetrospective, longitudinal, observational study. Poisson regression controlled for confounding factors.
settingNorway, Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands between 1975 and 2009. POPULATION: Total population of approximately 35 million people in these four countries. DATA SOURCES: Data were collected from the Ministries of Health, National Statistics Bureaus and other relevant national institutes.
resultsIn Norway, there was a significant positive relationship between the annual prevalence of daily smokers among individuals aged 25-49 years and the incidence of IMD in children under 5 years of age, unadjusted (RR=1.04-1.06, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.07, p<0.001) and after adjustment for time of year (quarter), incidence of influenza-like illness and household crowding (RR=1.05-1.07, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.09, p<0.001). Depending on age group, the risk of IMD increased by 5.2-6.9% per 1% increase in smoking prevalence among individuals aged 25-49 years in adjusted analyses. Using limited datasets from the three other countries, unadjusted analysis showed positive associations between IMD in children related to older smokers in Sweden and the Netherlands and negative associations related to younger smokers in Sweden. However, there were no demonstrable associations between incidence of IMD and prevalence of smoking, after adjustment for the same confounding variables.
conclusionsThe reduced incidence of IMD in Norway between 1975 and 2009 may partly be explained by the reduced prevalence of smoking during this period. High-quality surveillance data are required to confirm this in other countries. Strong efforts to reduce smoking in the whole population including targeted campaigns to reduce smoking among adults may have a role to play in the prevention of IMD in children.
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