Evidence map›Paper›PMID 24509348›Full record

ReviewExperimental neurology2014

Conceptual frameworks and mouse models for studying sex differences in physiology and disease: why compensation changes the game.

Arthur P Arnold

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Experimental neurology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
60citing papers in PubMed
7.7field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

60 citing papers in PubMed, 92 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Review
  5. 5-HTBrain sciences · 2024
    Article
  6. A second X chromosome improves cognition in aging male and female mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024
    Article
  7. Sex and Gender in Population Neuroscience.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2024
    Review
  8. The evolutionary impact and influence of oestrogens on adipose tissue structure and function.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023
    Review
  9. Review
  10. Review
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Review
  16. Review
  17. Review
  18. Review
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.

Arthur P ArnoldDepartment of Integrative Biology & Physiology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. Electronic address: arnold@ucla.edu.
University of California, Los Angeles · US

Funding

Pilot and Feasibility ProgramP30DK041301 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI ROZENGURT, JUAN ENRIQUE · 1990 to 2019
$18.0M
Sex Chromosome Effects on Neural DevelopmentR01NS043196 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI ARNOLD, ARTHUR P · 2003 to 2013
$3.4M
Sex differences in obesity and metabolic diseaseR01DK083561 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI ARNOLD, ARTHUR P, CHEN, XUQI · 2010 to 2014
$1.6M
X chromosome dosage and metabolic diseaseR56DK083561 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI ARNOLD, ARTHUR P, REUE, KAREN · 2016 to 2016
$154k
NIDDK NIH HHS DK083561NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK041301NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK083561NIDDK NIH HHS R56 DK083561NINDS NIH HHS NS043196NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS043196
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

A sophisticated mechanistic understanding of physiology and disease requires knowledge of how sex-biasing factors cause sex differences in phenotype. In therian mammals, all sex differences are downstream of the unequal effects of XX vs. XY sex chromosomes. Three major categories of sex-biasing factors are activational and organizational effects of gonadal hormones, and sex chromosome effects operating outside of the gonads. These three types of effects can be discriminated from each other with established experimental designs and animal models. Two important mouse models, which allow conclusions regarding the sex-biasing effects of sex chromosome complement, interacting with gonadal hormone effects, are the Four Core Genotypes model and the XY* model. Chromosome Y consomic strains give information about the role of the Y chromosome. An important recent change in sexual differentiation theory is the increasing realization that sex-biasing factors can counteract the effects of each other, reducing rather than producing sex differences in phenotype. This change in viewpoint rationalizes a change in experimental strategies for dissecting sex chromosome effects. The overall goal is to understand the sexome, defined as the sum of effects of sex-biasing factors on gene systems and networks.

Indexed as

Sex CharacteristicsAndrogensAnimalsDiseaseDisease Models, AnimalEstrogensFemaleHumansMaleMiceNeurologyPhysiological PhenomenaX ChromosomeX Chromosome InactivationY ChromosomeAndrogensEstrogensCompensationEstradiolFour Core GenotypesSex chromosomesSex differences in diseaseSexomeSexual differentiationTestosteroneX chromosomeX inactivationXY*Y chromosome

Identifiers

PMID24509348
PMCPMC4125548
OpenAlexW2161610041

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.