ArticleImmunity2014
The cytokine IL-22 promotes pathogen colonization by suppressing related commensal bacteria.
Article in Immunity, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 192 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
192 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 281 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Inhibition of Aryl hydrocarbon receptor Interleukin-22 signaling and worsening of intestinal inflammation byGut microbes · 2026Article
- Oral uracil treatment increases susceptibility to rectal SIV infection.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Gut Microbiota-Mucosal Immune Interactions Underlying Intestinal Homeostasis in Weaned Piglets.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
- The Dual Role of Zinc Homeostasis in Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogenicity and Host Immune Defense.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- IL-22 promotes genesis of small intestinal secretory cells that protect against cholera in mice.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- LINGO4 coordinates ILC3-intrinsic IL-22 production and microbiota-mediated ILC3 homeostasis.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2026Article
- IL-22 promotes genesis of small intestinal secretory cells that protect against cholera in mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- By dawn or dusk-how circadian timing rewrites bacterial infection outcomes.FEBS letters · 2026Review
- Metabolic regulation of gut barrier integrity in IBD: protein, lipid, and carbohydrate pathways.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Infection strategies ofGut microbes reports · 2026Review
- Review
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- Inducible, but not constitutive, pancreatic REG/Reg isoforms are regulated by intestinal microbiota and pancreatic diseases.Mucosal immunology · 2025Article
- Cecal Metabolome Profiles of Turkey Poults in Response toAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Enteric tuft cell inflammasome activation drives NKp46+ILC3 IL22 via PGD2 and inhibits Salmonella.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Article
- Enhanced porcine gut barrier functioning and reduced inflammation from a combination of seaweed bioactives.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
- Sublethal systemic LPS in mice enables gut-luminal pathogens to bloom through oxygen species-mediated microbiota inhibition.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Metabolic tug-of-war: Microbial metabolism shapes colonization resistance against enteric pathogens.Cell chemical biology · 2025Review
- Mechanisms conferring multi-layered protection against intestinal Salmonella Typhimurium infection.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2025Review
132 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is highly induced in response to infections with a variety of pathogens, and its main functions are considered to be tissue repair and host defense at mucosal surfaces. Here we showed that IL-22 has a unique role during infection in that its expression suppressed the intestinal microbiota and enhanced the colonization of a pathogen. IL-22 induced the expression of antimicrobial proteins, including lipocalin-2 and calprotectin, which sequester essential metal ions from microbes. Because Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium can overcome metal ion starvation mediated by lipocalin-2 and calprotectin via alternative pathways, IL-22 boosted its colonization of the inflamed intestine by suppressing commensal Enterobacteriaceae, which are susceptible to the antimicrobial proteins. Thus, IL-22 tipped the balance between pathogenic and commensal bacteria in favor of a pathogen. Taken together, IL-22 induction can be exploited by pathogens to suppress the growth of their closest competitors, thereby enhancing pathogen colonization of mucosal surfaces.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.