ArticleBMC veterinary research2014
Prevalence and molecular characterization of Clostridium difficile isolated from European Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) during migration.
Article in BMC veterinary research, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Isolation of Clostridioides difficile from the atmospheric fine particulate matter.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Non-human Clostridioides difficile Reservoirs and Sources: Animals, Food, Environment.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Article
- A Sarcina bacterium linked to lethal disease in sanctuary chimpanzees in Sierra Leone.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc · 2020Review
- Review
- Article
- Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Community-Associated Clostridium difficile Infection: A Narrative Review.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2016Review
- Clostridium difficile in Food and Animals: A Comprehensive Review.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2016Review
- Whole genome sequencing reveals potential spread of Clostridium difficile between humans and farm animals in the Netherlands, 2002 to 2011.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundClostridium difficile is an important bacterial pathogen of humans and a variety of animal species. Birds, especially migratory passerine species, can play a role in the spread of many pathogens, including Clostridium difficile. Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) nest in close proximity to human habitats and their biology is closely associated with cattle farming. Therefore, we hypothesized that Barn Swallows can be the reservoir of Clostridium difficile.
resultsBarn Swallows (n = 175) were captured on their autumn migration across Europe to sub-Saharan Africa. Droppings were collected from juvenile (n = 152) and adult birds (n = 23). Overall prevalence of Clostridium difficile was 4% (7/175); 4.6% (7/152) in juvenile birds and 0/23 in adults. Clostridium difficile ribotypes 078, 002 and 014 were identified, which are commonly found in farm animals and humans. Three new Clostridium difficile ribotypes were also identified: SB3, SB159 and SB166, one of which was toxigenic, harbouring genes for toxins A and B.
conclusionsResults of this study indicate that Barn Swallows might play a role in national and international dissemination of Clostridium difficile and could serve as a source for human and animal infection. Clostridium difficile ribotype 078 was identified, which has been reported as an emerging cause of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection in humans. Based on this and other studies, however, it is more likely that Barn Swallows have a more indicative than perpetuating role in Clostridium difficile epidemiology.
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