Hardcore smoking does not necessarily indicate hardening.

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

1. Demographic Trends and Disparities in Cigarette Consumption Among U.S. Older Adults, 2006-2022.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025
   Article
2. A cross-sectional investigation of softening indicators among South African smokers: Results from the South African Social Attitudes Survey between 2007 and 2018.Preventive medicine reports · 2022
   Article
3. Softening Among U.S. Smokers With Psychological Distress: More Quit Attempts and Lower Consumption as Smoking Drops.American journal of preventive medicine · 2017
   Article
4. The smoking population in the USA and EU is softening not hardening.Tobacco control · 2016
   Article

Corrections and comments

• Commented on by
  Response to Winter: 'Hardcore smoking does not necessarily indicate hardening'.2014
• Comment on
  Did hardening occur among smokers in England from 2000 to 2010?2014

Authors and funding

1 author.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

Abstract

PubMed holds no abstract for this paper.

Indexed as