ArticleArthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.)2014
End-stage renal disease in African Americans with lupus nephritis is associated with APOL1.
Article in Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 167 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
167 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 288 citations in OpenAlex.
- Apolipoprotein L1 risk genotypes and odds of lupus nephritis-associated kidney failure in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic Review of Genetic Modifiers Associated with the Development and/or Progression of Nephropathy in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Genetics in chronic kidney disease: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference.Kidney international · 2022Guideline
- Genome-wide association study for time to failure of kidney transplants from African American deceased donors.Clinical transplantation · 2020Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Genome-wide association studies suggest that APOL1-environment interactions more likely trigger kidney disease in African Americans with nondiabetic nephropathy than strong APOL1-second gene interactions.Kidney international · 2018Pooled it
- Genetic contributions to lupus nephritis in a multi-ethnic cohort of systemic lupus erythematous patients.PloS one · 2018Trial
- Immunosuppressive treatment for pure membranous lupus nephropathy in a Hispanic population.Clinical rheumatology · 2016Trial
- Update on APOL1 and chronic kidney diseases in children.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Review
- APOL1 kidney disease: a critical narrative review of molecular mechanisms, clinical heterogeneity, and the emerging therapeutic landscape.International urology and nephrology · 2026Review
- Tailoring KDIGO guidelines for lupus nephritis to the real world: a stratified and cost-aware approach.Clinical kidney journal · 2026Review
- Genomic Landscape of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Lupus Nephritis Globally and the Gaps in Africa.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Apolipoprotein L1 High-Risk Genotypes are Associated With Lupus Nephritis Incidence.Kidney international reports · 2026Article
- A multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid and affordable detection of APOL1 risk variants.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Rapid Reduction in Proteinuria With the Initiation of Voclosporin in Lupus Nephritis: A Single-Center Experience.Cureus · 2026Article
- Should Nephrology Clinical Trials Account for Apolipoprotein L1 Gene Risk Status?Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2026Article
- Emerging Mechanistic Roles of STING Signaling in Kidney Diseases.The American journal of pathology · 2026Review
- Collapsing FSGS in a kidney transplant with a single APOL1 risk variant: a case report.BMC nephrology · 2026Article
- On the topical issue of assisted dying: the insurmountable challenges of human existence, and the right to exit.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- APOL1-mediated kidney disease: a narrative review of the lessons learnt from the past 15 years.BMC nephrology · 2025Review
107 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
36 authors at 20 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveLupus nephritis (LN) is a severe manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that exhibits familial aggregation and may progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). LN is more prevalent among African Americans than among European Americans. This study was undertaken to investigate the hypothesis that the apolipoprotein L1 gene (APOL1) nephropathy risk alleles G1/G2, common in African Americans and rare in European Americans, contribute to the ethnic disparity in risk.
methodsAPOL1 G1 and G2 nephropathy alleles were genotyped in 855 African American SLE patients with LN-ESRD (cases) and 534 African American SLE patients without nephropathy (controls) and tested for association under a recessive genetic model, by logistic regression.
resultsNinety percent of the SLE patients were female. The mean ± SD age at SLE diagnosis was significantly lower in LN-ESRD cases than in SLE non-nephropathy controls (27.3 ± 10.9 years versus 39.5 ± 12.2 years). The mean ± SD time from SLE diagnosis to development of LN-ESRD in cases was 7.3 ± 7.2 years. The G1/G2 risk alleles were strongly associated with SLE-ESRD, with 25% of cases and 12% of controls having 2 nephropathy alleles (odds ratio [OR] 2.57, recessive model P = 1.49 × 10(-9)), and after adjustment for age, sex, and ancestry admixture (OR 2.72, P = 6.23 × 10(-6)). The age-, sex-, and admixture-adjusted population attributable risk for ESRD among patients with G1/G2 polymorphisms was 0.26, compared to 0.003 among European American patients. The mean time from SLE diagnosis to ESRD development was ∼2 years earlier among individuals with APOL1 risk genotypes (P = 0.01).
conclusionAPOL1 G1/G2 alleles strongly impact the risk of LN-ESRD in African Americans, as well as the time to progression to ESRD. The high frequency of these alleles in African Americans with near absence in European Americans explains an important proportion of the increased risk of LN-ESRD in African Americans.
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Registered trials
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