ArticlePloS one2014
Mobile insertion cassette elements found in small non-transmissible plasmids in Proteeae may explain qnrD mobilization.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Enterobacteriaceae: a systematic review with a focus on Mediterranean countries.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2017Pooled it
- Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on antimicrobial resistance of Proteus mirabilis in a Brazilian hospital.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2025Article
- Quinolone Resistance Genes qnr, aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxAB, and qepA in Environmental Escherichia coli: Insights into Their Genetic Contexts from Comparative Genomics.Microbial ecology · 2025Article
- Emergence of extensive drug resistance and high prevalence of multidrug resistance among clinical Proteus mirabilis isolates in Egypt.Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials · 2024Article
- Complete Genome Sequence of Providencia stuartii CMC-4104, Isolated from a Human Splenic Abscess, Containing Multiple Copies of NDM-1 and PER-1 Carbapenem Resistance Genes.Microbiology resource announcements · 2022Article
- Isolation and Characterization of LyticViruses · 2022Article
- AeLife · 2022Article
- Genomic analysis of the nomenclatural type strain of the nematode-associated entomopathogenic bacterium Providencia vermicola.BMC genomics · 2021Article
- Functional Identification and Evolutionary Analysis of Two Novel Plasmids Mediating Quinolone Resistance inMicroorganisms · 2020Article
- Genetics of Acquired Antibiotic Resistance Genes inFrontiers in microbiology · 2020Review
- Transferable Mechanisms of Quinolone Resistance from 1998 Onward.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2019Review
- Topoisomerase Inhibitors: Fluoroquinolone Mechanisms of Action and Resistance.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2016Review
- Genomic Plasticity of Multidrug-Resistant NDM-1 Positive Clinical Isolate of Providencia rettgeri.Genome biology and evolution · 2016Article
- Draft Genomic Analysis of an Avian Multidrug ResistantFrontiers in microbiology · 2016Article
- Mechanisms of drug resistance: quinolone resistance.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2015Review
- Role of integrons, plasmids and SXT elements in multidrug resistance of Vibrio cholerae and Providencia vermicola obtained from a clinical isolate of diarrhea.Frontiers in microbiology · 2015Article
- Fluoroquinolone Resistance Mechanisms and population structure of Enterobacter cloacae non-susceptible to Ertapenem in North-Eastern France.Frontiers in microbiology · 2015Article
- First description of OXA-48 carbapenemase harbored by Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae from a single patient in Portugal.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2014Article
- Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance.Microbiology spectrum · 2014Review
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
qnrD is a plasmid mediated quinolone resistance gene from unknown origin, recently described in Enterobacteriaceae. It encodes a pentapeptide repeat protein 36-60% different from the other Qnr (A, B, C, S and VC). Since most qnrD-positive strains were described as strains belonging to Proteus or Providencia genera, we hypothesized that qnrD originated in Proteeae before disseminating to other enterobacterial species. We screened 317 strains of Proteeae for qnrD and its genetic support by PCR. For all the seven qnrD-positive strains (4 Proteus mirabilis, 1 Proteus vulgaris and 2 Providencia rettgeri) the gene was carried onto a small non-transmissible plasmid, contrarily to other qnr genes that are usually carried onto large multi-resistant plasmids. Nucleotide sequences of the qnrD-bearing plasmids were 96% identical. Plasmids contained 3 ORFs apart from qnrD and belonged to an undescribed incompatibility group. Only one plasmid, in P. vulgaris, was slightly different with a 1,568-bp insertion between qnrD and its promoter, leading to absence of quinolone resistance. We sought for similar plasmids in 15 reference strains of Proteeae, but which were tested negative for qnrD, and found a 48% identical plasmid (pVERM) in Providencia vermicola. In order to explain how qnrD could have been inserted into such native plasmid, we sought for gene mobilization structures. qnrD was found to be located within a mobile insertion cassette (mic) element which sequences are similar to one mic also found in pVERM. Our conclusions are that (i) the small non-transmissible qnrD-plasmids described here may result from the recombination between an as-yet-unknown progenitor of qnrD and pVERM, (ii) these plasmids are maintained in Proteeae being a qnrD reservoir (iii) the mic element may explain qnrD mobilization from non-transmissible plasmids to mobilizable or conjugative plasmids from other Enterobacteriaceae, (iv) they can recombined with larger multiresistant plasmids conjugated in Proteeae.
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