ArticleInternational journal for equity in health2014
Socioeconomic inequalities in smoking in low and mid income countries: positive gradients among women?
Article in International journal for equity in health, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Prevalence of tobacco use in healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2019Pooled it
- Prevalence of prediabetes and associated risk factors among peri-urban dwelling adults in Blantyre, Malawi.Malawi medical journal : the journal of Medical Association of Malawi · 2025Article
- Tobacco use in Haiti: findings from demographic and health survey.BMC public health · 2023Article
- The emergence of socioeconomic inequalities in smoking during adolescence and early adulthood.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Determinants of cigarette smoking and smoking frequency among women of reproductive age in Nigeria: evidence from a nationwide cross-sectional survey.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2023Article
- Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in smoking in Turkey from 2008 to 2016.BMC public health · 2021Article
- A decreased risk of meningioma in women smokers was only observed in American studies rather than studies conducted in other countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Chinese neurosurgical journal · 2021Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities in tobacco smoking in women aged 15-54 in Iran: a multilevel model.Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene · 2021Article
- Tobacco control and household tobacco consumption: A tale of two educational groups.Health economics · 2020Article
- Change in the Prevalence and Social Patterning of First-and Second-Hand Smoking in PORTUGAL: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study (2005 and 2014).International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Influence of Occupational Background on Smoking Prevalence as a Health Inequality Among Employees of Medium- and Small-Sized Companies in Japan.Population health management · 2020Article
- Tobacco smoking patterns in Samoa in 2010: Implications for interventions.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2019Article
- Article
- Consumers' Preferences for Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Product Features: A Structured Content Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2017Article
- Socioeconomic Inequalities in Secondhand Smoke Exposure at Home and at Work in 15 Low- and Middle-Income Countries.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2016Article
- Socioeconomic Patterns of Tobacco Use-An Example from the Balkans.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2016Article
- Global trends of lung cancer mortality and smoking prevalence.Translational lung cancer research · 2015Review
- Evolution of socioeconomic inequalities in smoking: results from the Portuguese national health interview surveys.BMC public health · 2015Article
- The meanings of smoking to women and their implications for cessation.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2015Article
- Article
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4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn Southern Europe, smoking among older women was more prevalent among the high educated than the lower educated, we call this a positive gradient. This is dominant in the early stages of the smoking epidemic model, later replaced by a negative gradient. The aim of this study is to assess if a positive gradient in smoking can also be observed in low and middle income countries in other regions of the world.
methodsWe used data of the World Health Survey from 49 countries and a total of 233,917 respondents. Multilevel logistic regression was used to model associations between individual level smoking and both individual level and country level determinants. We stratified results by education, occupation, sex and generation (younger vs. older than 45). Countries were grouped based on GDP and region.
resultsIn Eastern Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean, we observed a positive gradient in smoking among older women and a negative gradient among younger women. In Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America no clear gradient was observed: inequalities were relatively small. In South-East Asia and East Asia a strong negative gradient was observed. Among men, no positive gradients were observed, and like women the strongest negative gradients were seen in South-East Asia and East Asia.
conclusionsA positive socio-economic gradient in smoking was found among older women in two regions, but not among younger women. But contrary to predictions derived from the smoking epidemic model, from a worldwide perspective the positive gradients are the exception rather than the rule.
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