Trial reportImmunology2014
Oestrogen up-regulates interleukin-21 production by CD4(+) T lymphocytes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Trial report in Immunology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex steroids and autoimmune rheumatic diseases: state of the art.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2020Pooled it
- Understanding the effect of estrogen on B cells: implications for immune health and autoimmunity.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2026Review
- Aberrant STAT3 activation and overproduction of IL-21 in systemic lupus erythematosus: role of miR-155 and miR-21 in target genesFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Female-bias in systemic lupus erythematosus: How much is the X chromosome to blame?Biology of sex differences · 2024Review
- High Interleukin 21 Levels in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Association with Clinical Variables and rs2221903 Polymorphism.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- The conneXion between sex and immune responses.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Altered frequency of peripheral B-cell subsets and their correlation with disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A comprehensive analysis.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2020Article
- Regulation of the germinal center response by nuclear receptors and implications for autoimmune diseases.The FEBS journal · 2020Review
- Immunological Processes Driving IgE Sensitisation and Disease Development in Males and Females.International journal of molecular sciences · 2018Review
- Insights Into the Molecular Mechanisms of T Follicular Helper-Mediated Immunity and Pathology.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- T Follicular Helper Cells in Autoimmune Disorders.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- [Roles of interleukin-21 and its receptor in autoimmune diseases].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2016Review
- Interleukin-21 polymorphism affects gene expression and is associated with risk of ischemic stroke.Inflammation · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease in which abnormal immune responses are mediated by tissue-binding autoantibodies and immune complex deposition. Because most SLE patients are women of child-bearing age, oestrogen has been suggested to play an important role in SLE pathogenesis. One proposed role is to induce B-cell activation, culminating in increased autoantibody production. Interleukin-21 (IL-21) has been shown to be crucial in the differentiation of activated B cells into plasma cells. We therefore hypothesized that oestrogen up-regulates IL-21 production and induces subsequent B-cell activation in SLE patients. Peripheral blood was obtained from 22 SLE patients and 16 healthy controls. Expression levels of IL-21 and its receptor in serum, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and CD4(+) T cells were higher in SLE patients than in healthy controls. Exposure of CD4(+) T cells from SLE patients to 17β-oestradiol led to a dose- and time-dependent increase in IL-21 expression, which was abolished in the presence of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (MAPK kinase, p38, Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitors. B cells from healthy controls showed increased antibody production when they were co-cultured with oestrogen-treated CD4(+) T cells from SLE patients. Treatment with IL-21 antibody abrogated the increased antibody production of the co-culture systems. This study revealed the association between oestrogen and IL-21 in SLE patients. Oestrogen up-regulates IL-21 expression of CD4(+) T cells via MAPK-dependent pathways in SLE patients, which in turn induces increased antibody production by B cells.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.