Trial reportSocial cognitive and affective neuroscience2014
Long-term expression of human contextual fear and extinction memories involves amygdala, hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex: a reinstatement study in two independent samples.
Trial report in Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A translational perspective on neural circuits of fear extinction: Current promises and challenges.Neurobiology of learning and memory · 2018Pooled it
- Nicotine reduces discrimination between threat and safety in the hippocampus, nucleus accumbens and amygdala.Translational psychiatry · 2024Trial
- Augmenting extinction learning with D-cycloserine reduces return of fear: a randomized, placebo-controlled fMRI study.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2020Trial
- Ventromedial prefrontal cortex activity during extinction recall suggests successful extinction learning via mental imagery.Social cognitive and affective neuroscience · 2026Article
- A systematic review of spontaneous recovery in human fear conditioning.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2026Review
- Utilizing rewards to dampen fear and its recovery.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Person-centered analyses reveal that developmental adversity at moderate levels and neural threat/safety discrimination are associated with lower anxiety in early adulthood.Communications psychology · 2025Article
- Generalized expectancy of threat in threatening compared to safe contexts.Social cognitive and affective neuroscience · 2025Article
- Time-dependent neural arbitration between cue associative and episodic fear memories.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Review of EEG Affective Recognition with a Neuroscience Perspective.Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Neural Correlates and Molecular Mechanisms of Memory and Learning.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Hippocampal volume mediates the relationship of parental rejection in childhood with social cognition in healthy adults.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Elevated Amygdala Responses During De Novo Pavlovian Conditioning in Alcohol Use Disorder Are Associated With Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer and Relapse Latency.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2023Article
- Neuropharmacological Modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate, Noradrenaline and Endocannabinoid Receptors in Fear Extinction Learning: Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Activated Tryptophan-Kynurenine metabolic system in the human brain is associated with learned fear.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2023Article
- Neuroimaging of Fear Extinction.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2023Review
- Acquisition of threat responses are associated with elevated plasma concentration of endocannabinoids in male humans.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2022Article
- Stimulation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex blocks the return of subcortically mediated fear responses.Translational psychiatry · 2022Article
- Article
- Controllable and Uncontrollable Stress Differentially Impact Fear Conditioned Alterations in Sleep and Neuroimmune Signaling in Mice.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Human context conditioning studies have focused on acquisition and extinction. Subsequent long-term changes in fear behaviors not only depend on associative learning processes during those phases but also on memory consolidation processes and the later ability to retrieve and express fear and extinction memories. Clinical theories explain relapse after successful exposure-based treatment with return of fear memories and remission with stable extinction memory expression. We probed contextual fear and extinction memories 1 week (Day8) after conditioning (Day1) and subsequent extinction (Day2) by presenting conditioned contexts before (Test1) and after (Test2) a reinstatement manipulation. We find consistent activation patterns in two independent samples: activation of a subgenual part of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex before reinstatement (Test1) and (albeit with different temporal profiles between samples) of the amygdala after reinstatement (Test2) as well as up-regulation of anterior hippocampus activity after reinstatement (Test2 > Test1). These areas have earlier been implicated in the expression of cued extinction and fear memories. The present results suggest a general role for these structures in defining the balance between fear and extinction memories, independent of the conditioning mode. The results are discussed in the light of hypotheses implicating the anterior hippocampus in the processing of situational ambiguity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.