Trial reportJournal of athletic training
Examining the effectiveness of psychological strategies on physiologic markers: evidence-based suggestions for holistic care of the athlete.
Trial report in Journal of athletic training. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Impact of meditation-only interventions on university students' resilience: A pairwise and network meta-analysis of randomised actively and passively controlled trials.Applied psychology. Health and well-being · 2026Pooled it
- Applying an osteopathic intervention to improve mild to moderate mental health symptoms: a mixed-methods feasibility randomised trial.Chiropractic & manual therapies · 2024Trial
- Randomized controlled trial of multidisciplinary team stress and performance in immersive simulation for management of infant in shock: study protocol.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2016Trial
- Building an Operational Definition of Grounding.Trauma, violence & abuse · 2026Review
- Interventions for Unhealthy Eating Patterns of Resident Otolaryngologists on Call.Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology · 2026Article
- Motor Imagery Ability and Motor Imagery Perspective Among Professional Football Players.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The feasibility of a web-based resilience-building program to prevent stress among danish pregnant nulliparous women: A randomised controlled feasibility trial.PLOS mental health · 2025Article
- Effect of resilience training interventions on salivary cortisol and perceived stress among Indian school students.Bioinformation · 2025Article
- The differentiating effect of COVID-19-associated stress on the morbidity of blood donors with symptoms of hidradenitis suppurativa, hyperhidrosis, or psoriasis.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2023Article
- Heterogeneity of posttraumatic stress, depression, and fear of cancer recurrence in breast cancer survivors: a latent class analysis.Journal of cancer survivorship : research and practice · 2023Article
- Athletic Trainers' Perceptions of Responsibilities and Use of Psychosocial Interventions for Patients Following an ACL Injury.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- The Effects of Motor Imagery on Pain in Lower Limb Sports Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Early Postpartum Stress, Anxiety, Depression, and Resilience Development among Danish First-Time Mothers before and during First-Wave COVID-19 Pandemic.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- A longitudinal study of perceived stress and cortisol responses in an undergraduate student population from India.PloS one · 2021Article
- Prevalence of Biopsychosocial Factors of Pain in 865 Sports Students of the Dach (Germany, Austria, Switzerland) Region - A Cross-Sectional Survey.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2020Article
- Smartphone Monitoring of Participants' Engagement With Home Practice During Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction: Observational Study.JMIR mental health · 2020Article
- Long-term retention assessment after simulation-based-training of pediatric procedural skills among adult emergency physicians: a multicenter observational study.BMC medical education · 2019Observational
- Association of anthropometric status, perceived stress, and personality traits with eating behavior in university students.Eating and weight disorders : EWD · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
contextCurrent holistic rehabilitation blends both physical and psychological techniques. However, validation of the usefulness of psychological strategies is limited in the literature.
objectiveTo quantify the effects of psychological strategies on both physiologic (salivary cortisol) and subjective assessments of stress.
designRandomized controlled clinical trial.
settingLaboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER
participantsA total of 97 college-aged students (age = 20.65 ± 4.38 years), most with little to no experience with psychological strategies. INTERVENTION(S): A 15-minute script via an iPod led the participant through visual imagery (cognitive relaxation) or deep breathing exercises (somatic relaxation) cues. The control group listened to 15 minutes of ambient nature sounds. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Two samples (pretest, posttest) of salivary cortisol were analyzed using an enzyme immunoassay kit; the average was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics and correlations were conducted to examine group differences in time of day, salivary cortisol, sex, Stress-O-Meter values, and Perceived Stress Scale scores.
resultsSalivary cortisol levels were lower in the treatment group than the control group (F2,97 = 15.62, P < .001). Females had higher scores on both the pretest Stress-O-Meter (5.15 ± 1.796) and the Perceived Stress Scale (18.31 ± 5.833) than males (4.25 ± 1.741 and 15.272 ± 5.390, respectively).
conclusionsBoth cognitive and somatic relaxation strategies reduced cortisol levels. Participants who received verbal guidance achieved a larger cortisol reduction. However, the change in cortisol level was uncorrelated with the change in report of acute stress; females reported higher levels of stress. Clinical implications include attention to sex when assessing stress and providing coping skills during the rehabilitation process.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.