ArticlePediatrics2014
Recent trends in outpatient antibiotic use in children.
Article in Pediatrics, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 99 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Dialogue Around Respiratory Illness Treatment for Family Practice (DART -FP)
A 12-week Randomized, Double-Blind Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Tolerability and Gastrointestinal Response of a Novel, Multi-Strain Synbiotic (PDS-08™) in Children Ages 3-17
Who cites it
99 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 189 citations in OpenAlex.
- Increased risk of hearing loss associated with macrolide use: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- Antimicrobial resistance in paediatricThe Lancet. Microbe · 2021Pooled it
- Selective testing strategies for diagnosing group A streptococcal infection in children with pharyngitis: a systematic review and prospective multicentre external validation study.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2015Pooled it
- Water, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions can reduce child antibiotic use: evidence from Bangladesh and Kenya.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Streptococcus salivarius Probiotics to Prevent Acute Otitis Media in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2023Trial
- Antibiotics for lower respiratory tract infection in children presenting in primary care in England (ARTIC PC): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.Lancet (London, England) · 2021Trial
- Antimicrobial Prescribing during Infant Hospital Admissions in a Birth Cohort in Dhaka, Bangladesh.Journal of tropical pediatrics · 2021Trial
- Impact of Streptococcus salivarius K12 on Nasopharyngeal and Saliva Microbiome: A Randomized Controlled Trial.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2021Trial
- Diagnostic accuracy and management of suspected acute otitis media: A multi-continental survey of primary care physicians using tympanic membrane images in clinical cases.The European journal of general practice · 2026Article
- Antibiotic-induced gut microbiome dysbiosis: risks and strategies for mitigation.The EMBO journal · 2026Review
- Association between Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Use and Risk of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2026Article
- Adverse Drug Reaction to Paracetamol: Case Report of Oral Manifestation of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome in Children.International medical case reports journal · 2026Article
- A comprehensive descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive analysis of antibiotic products' demand pre-, amid, and post-COVID-19 in Iran.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns of Family Medicine Pediatric Visits: A Pharmacoepidemiological Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Review: Known, Emerging, and Remerging Pharyngitis Pathogens.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Review
- Antimicrobial exposure during infancy in a longitudinal California cohort.Pediatric research · 2024Article
- Article
- Comparative Analysis of Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing in Early Life: A Population-Based Study Across Birth Cohorts in Denmark and Germany.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2024Article
- Evaluation of antibiotics in pediatrics using the defined daily doses method and the World Health Organization (WHO) access, watch, and reserve classification (AWaRe 2021): a cross-sectional study.The Pan African medical journal · 2024Observational
- Factors associated with pediatric febrile illnesses in 27 countries of Sub-Saharan Africa.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
39 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe goal of this study was to determine changes in antibiotic-dispensing rates among children in 3 health plans located in New England [A], the Mountain West [B], and the Midwest [C] regions of the United States.
methodsPharmacy and outpatient claims from September 2000 to August 2010 were used to calculate rates of antibiotic dispensing per person-year for children aged 3 months to 18 years. Differences in rates by year, diagnosis, and health plan were tested by using Poisson regression. The data were analyzed to determine whether there was a change in the rate of decline over time.
resultsAntibiotic use in the 3- to <24-month age group varied at baseline according to health plan (A: 2.27, B: 1.40, C: 2.23 antibiotics per person-year; P < .001). The downward trend in antibiotic dispensing slowed, stabilized, or reversed during this 10-year period. In the 3- to <24-month age group, we observed 5.0%, 9.3%, and 7.2% annual declines early in the decade in the 3 plans, respectively. These dropped to 2.4%, 2.1%, and 0.5% annual declines by the end of the decade. Third-generation cephalosporin use for otitis media increased 1.6-, 15-, and 5.5-fold in plans A, B, and C in young children. Similar attenuation of decline in antibiotic use and increases in use of broad-spectrum agents were seen in other age groups.
conclusionsAntibiotic dispensing for children may have reached a new plateau. Along with identifying best practices in low-prescribing areas, decreasing broad-spectrum use for particular conditions should be a continuing focus of intervention efforts.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.