ReviewVirchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology2014
Gene expression profiling in patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site: from translational research to standard of care.
Review in Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- SEOM-GECOD clinical guideline for cancer of unknown primary (update 2025).Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Guideline
- SEOM clinical guideline on unknown primary cancer (2017).Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2018Guideline
- Case Report: Site-specific therapy guided by the 90-gene expression assay in cancer of unknown primary: lenvatinib plus camrelizumab for occult renal cell carcinoma.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Diagnosis and management of axillary lymph node metastasis from an unknown primary carcinoma: a case report.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Advancements in Diagnostics and Therapeutics for Cancer of Unknown Primary in the Era of Precision Medicine.MedComm · 2025Review
- A case report of challenges in distinguishing gastroesophageal junction hepatoid adenocarcinoma from testicular germ cell tumor: Insights for improved diagnosis with gene expression profiling.SAGE open medical case reports · 2024Article
- [Breast-like cancer of unknown primary : Implications for radiological diagnostics].Radiologie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2023Review
- A comparison of DNA sequencing and gene expression profiling to assist tissue of origin diagnosis in cancer of unknown primary.The Journal of pathology · 2023Article
- Article
- Molecular Pathology of Lung Cancer.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2022Review
- Case Report: Successful Immunotherapy Improved the Prognosis of the Unfavorable Subset of Cancer of Unknown Primary.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Cell-blocks and immunohistochemistry.CytoJournal · 2021Review
- Genomic profiling in oncology clinical practice.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2020Review
- Progress in refining the clinical management of cancer of unknown primary in the molecular era.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2020Review
- A Machine Learning Approach for Tracing Tumor Original Sites With Gene Expression Profiles.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2020Article
- Cancer of Unknown Primary Site: Real Entity or Misdiagnosed Disease?Journal of Cancer · 2020Review
- Extent of diagnostic inquiry among a population-based cohort of patients with cancer of unknown primary.Cancer reports and reviews · 2019Article
- Does Cancer of Unknown Primary (CUP) Truly Exist as a Distinct Cancer Entity?Frontiers in oncology · 2019Review
- How I treat cancers of unknown primary.ESMO open · 2019Review
- Complete response to crizotinib in a metastatic adenocarcinoma of unknown primary harboring MET amplification and NTRK1 co-occurring mutation.OncoTargets and therapy · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Carcinoma of unknown primary site (CUP) is diagnosed in approximately 3 % of patients with advanced cancer, and most patients have traditionally been treated with empiric chemotherapy. As treatments improve and become more specific for individual solid tumor types, therapy with a single empiric combination chemotherapy regimen becomes increasingly inadequate. Gene expression profiling (GEP) is a new diagnostic method that allows prediction of the site of tumor origin based on gene expression patterns retained from the normal tissues of origin. In blinded studies in tumors of known origin, GEP assays correctly identified the site of origin in 85 % of cases and compares favorably with immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. In patients with CUP, GEP is able to predict a site of origin in >95 % of patients versus 35-55 % for IHC staining. Although confirmation of the accuracy of these predictions is difficult, the diagnoses made by IHC staining and GEP are identical in 77 % of cases when IHC staining predicts a single primary site. GEP diagnoses appear to be most useful when IHC staining is inconclusive. Site-specific treatment of CUP patients based on GEP and/or IHC predictions appears to improve overall outcomes; patients predicted to have treatment-sensitive tumor types derived the most benefit. GEP adds to the diagnostic evaluation of patients with CUP and should be included when IHC staining is unable to predict a single site of origin. Site-specific treatment, based on tissue of origin diagnosis, should replace empiric chemotherapy in patients with CUP.
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