ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology2014
Distribution of indigenous bacterial pathogens and potential pathogens associated with roof-harvested rainwater.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Pilot study on seasonal variability in microbial contamination in the developing tourist region of Mindo, Ecuador: a comparative analysis of the Saguambi, Mindo, and Canchupí Rivers.BMC research notes · 2025Article
- Foresight 2035: a perspective on the next decade of research on the management of Legionella spp. in engineered aquatic environments.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Detection ofMicroorganisms · 2022Review
- Determining the microbial and chemical contamination in Ecuador's main rivers.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Microbiological Health Risk Assessment of Water Conservation Strategies: A Case Study in Amsterdam.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Human Pathogenic Bacteria Detected in Rainwater: Risk Assessment and Correlation to Microbial Source Tracking Markers and Traditional Indicators.Frontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
- Food and waterborne protozoan parasites: The African perspective.Food and waterborne parasitology · 2020Article
- Determination of the Microbial and Chemical Loads in Rivers from the Quito Capital Province of Ecuador (Pichincha)-A Preliminary Analysis of Microbial and Chemical Quality of the Main Rivers.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- A review on microbial contaminants in stormwater runoff and outfalls: Potential health risks and mitigation strategies.The Science of the total environment · 2019Review
- Preharvest Transmission Routes of Fresh Produce Associated Bacterial Pathogens with Outbreak Potentials: A Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Review
- Abundance of Naegleria fowleri in roof-harvested rainwater tank samples from two continents.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2018Article
- Microfluidic quantification of multiple enteric and opportunistic bacterial pathogens in roof-harvested rainwater tank samples.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2018Article
- Rainwater harvesting in American Samoa: current practices and indicative health risks.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2017Article
- Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges.Parasites & vectors · 2017Review
- Comparative analysis of solar pasteurization versus solar disinfection for the treatment of harvested rainwater.BMC microbiology · 2016Article
- Molecular detection of Acanthamoeba spp., Naegleria fowleri and Vermamoeba (Hartmannella) vermiformis as vectors for Legionella spp. in untreated and solar pasteurized harvested rainwater.Parasites & vectors · 2016Article
- Presence of microbial and chemical source tracking markers in roof-harvested rainwater and catchment systems for the detection of fecal contamination.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2016Article
- Evidence of Avian and Possum Fecal Contamination in Rainwater Tanks as Determined by Microbial Source Tracking Approaches.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2016Article
- The Relationship Between Distance to Water Source and Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea in the Global Enterics Multi-Center Study in Kenya, 2008-2011.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2016Article
- Urban microbiomes and urban ecology: how do microbes in the built environment affect human sustainability in cities?Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2014Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The harvesting of rainwater is gaining acceptance among many governmental authorities in countries such as Australia, Germany, and South Africa, among others. However, conflicting reports on the microbial quality of harvested rainwater have been published. To monitor the presence of potential pathogenic bacteria during high-rainfall periods, rainwater from 29 rainwater tanks was sampled on four occasions (during June and August 2012) in a sustainable housing project in Kleinmond, South Africa. This resulted in the collection of 116 harvested rainwater samples in total throughout the sampling period. The identities of the dominant, indigenous, presumptive pathogenic isolates obtained from the rainwater samples throughout the sampling period were confirmed through universal 16S rRNA PCR, and the results revealed that Pseudomonas (19% of samples) was the dominant genus isolated, followed by Aeromonas (16%), Klebsiella (11%), and Enterobacter (9%). PCR assays employing genus-specific primers also confirmed the presence of Aeromonas spp. (16%), Klebsiella spp. (47%), Legionella spp. (73%), Pseudomonas spp. (13%), Salmonella spp. (6%), Shigella spp. (27%), and Yersinia spp. (28%) in the harvested rainwater samples. In addition, on one sampling occasion, Giardia spp. were detected in 25% of the eight tank water samples analyzed. This study highlights the diverse array of pathogenic bacteria that persist in harvested rainwater during high-rainfall periods. The consumption of untreated harvested rainwater could thus pose a potential significant health threat to consumers, especially children and immunocompromised individuals, and it is recommended that harvested rainwater be treated for safe usage as an alternative water source.
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