ArticleMicrobiome2014
The composition and stability of the vaginal microbiota of normal pregnant women is different from that of non-pregnant women.
Article in Microbiome, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to trial NCT05944094 (Evaluation of the Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Use During the First Trimester as a Regulator of Vaginal Microbiota in Reducing Preterm Birth), which is not on this map. Cited by 430 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Use During the First Trimester as a Regulator of Vaginal Microbiota in Reducing Preterm Birth
Who cites it
430 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 865 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vaginal metatranscriptome meta-analysis reveals functional BV subgroups and novel colonisation strategies.Microbiome · 2024Pooled it
- Human papillomavirus, vaginal microbiota and metagenomics: the interplay between development and progression of cervical cancer.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Pooled it
- Vulvovaginal yeast infections during pregnancy and perinatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC women's health · 2023Pooled it
- The Effect of Probiotics on Health in Pregnancy and Infants: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.Nutrients · 2025Trial
- Parental microbiome programming of early-life neurodevelopment: multi-niche contributions through the microbiome-gut-brain axis.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- The cervicovaginal gut microbiota axis as a key determinant of systemic physiology.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Review
- Vaginal microbiome composition in pregnant and non-pregnant women: community structure, population variation, clinical impact, and metagenomics approaches.Infection and immunity · 2026Review
- Maternal Microbiome in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Perspectives.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- VaginalJournal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Multiomic analysis reveals that polyamines alter G. vaginalis-induced cervicovaginal epithelial cell dysfunction.Research square · 2026Article
- The Maternal Microbiome in Pregnancy: From Physiological Changes to Dysbiosis and Obstetrical Complications-Therapeutic Perspectives.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Lactobacillus iners at the nexus of microbiota, immunity, and pregnancy.Journal of reproductive immunology · 2026Review
- Development of the Urogenital Microbiota in Healthy Beagle Puppies: A Longitudinal Comparison with the Dam.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The Pathophysiology of Spontaneous Preterm Birth: Emerging Mechanisms Reviewed by the Preterm Birth International Collaborative.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2026Review
- Surgical Solution of C-Section Associated Surgical Site Infection in LMICs: A Narrative Review.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2026Review
- Scale reliant mixed effects models enhance microbiome data analysis.Microbiome · 2026Article
- Review
- Association between vaginal microbiota in early pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus: a nested case-control study.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Alleviative Effect of Vaginal Lactobacilli with Probiotic Potential from Healthy Chinese Women on Bacterial Vaginosis Caused by Gardnerella vaginalis in Mice.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
370 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThis study was undertaken to characterize the vaginal microbiota throughout normal human pregnancy using sequence-based techniques. We compared the vaginal microbial composition of non-pregnant patients with a group of pregnant women who delivered at term.
resultsA retrospective case-control longitudinal study was designed and included non-pregnant women (n = 32) and pregnant women who delivered at term (38 to 42 weeks) without complications (n = 22). Serial samples of vaginal fluid were collected from both non-pregnant and pregnant patients. A 16S rRNA gene sequence-based survey was conducted using pyrosequencing to characterize the structure and stability of the vaginal microbiota. Linear mixed effects models and generalized estimating equations were used to identify the phylotypes whose relative abundance was different between the two study groups. The vaginal microbiota of normal pregnant women was different from that of non-pregnant women (higher abundance of Lactobacillus vaginalis, L. crispatus, L. gasseri and L. jensenii and lower abundance of 22 other phylotypes in pregnant women). Bacterial community state type (CST) IV-B or CST IV-A characterized by high relative abundance of species of genus Atopobium as well as the presence of Prevotella, Sneathia, Gardnerella, Ruminococcaceae, Parvimonas, Mobiluncus and other taxa previously shown to be associated with bacterial vaginosis were less frequent in normal pregnancy. The stability of the vaginal microbiota of pregnant women was higher than that of non-pregnant women; however, during normal pregnancy, bacterial communities shift almost exclusively from one CST dominated by Lactobacillus spp. to another CST dominated by Lactobacillus spp.
conclusionWe report the first longitudinal study of the vaginal microbiota in normal pregnancy. Differences in the composition and stability of the microbial community between pregnant and non-pregnant women were observed. Lactobacillus spp. were the predominant members of the microbial community in normal pregnancy. These results can serve as the basis to study the relationship between the vaginal microbiome and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.