ArticleSubstance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy2014
Evaluating the drivers of and obstacles to the willingness to use cognitive enhancement drugs: the influence of drug characteristics, social environment, and personal characteristics.
Article in Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- Expectancy for Adderall influences subjective mood and drug effects regardless of concurrent caffeine ingestion: A randomized controlled trial.Psychopharmacology · 2024Trial
- Tomorrow Never Comes: The Risks of Procrastination for Adolescent Health.European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education · 2024Review
- Adapting Ourselves, Instead of the Environment: An Inquiry into Human Enhancement for Function and Beyond.Integrative psychological & behavioral science · 2024Article
- Parents' Perceptions on the Debated Parenting Practice of Cognitive Enhancement in Healthy Children and Adolescents.Journal of cognitive enhancement : towards the integration of theory and practice · 2022Article
- "I'll Worry About It Tomorrow" - Fostering Emotion Regulation Skills to Overcome Procrastination.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Cognitive Enhancement: Unanswered Questions About Human Psychology and Social Behavior.Science and engineering ethics · 2021Article
- Understanding the relationship between safety beliefs and knowledge for cognitive enhancers in UK university students.PloS one · 2021Article
- "The White Version of Cheating?" Ethical and Social Equity Concerns of Cognitive Enhancing Drug Users in Higher Education.Journal of academic ethics · 2019Article
- Use and Propensity to Use Substances as Cognitive Enhancers in Italian Medical Students.Brain sciences · 2018Article
- Bottom Up Ethics - Neuroenhancement in Education and Employment.Neuroethics · 2018Article
- Prevalence Estimates for Pharmacological Neuroenhancement in Austrian University Students: Its Relation to Health-Related Risk Attitude and the Framing Effect of Caffeine Tablets.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2018Article
- Drugs As Instruments: Describing and Testing a Behavioral Approach to the Study of Neuroenhancement.Frontiers in psychology · 2016Article
- Using Caffeine Pills for Performance Enhancement. An Experimental Study on University Students' Willingness and Their Intention to Try Neuroenhancements.Frontiers in psychology · 2016Article
- Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancement in Healthy Individuals: A Compensation for Cognitive Deficits or a Question of Personality?PloS one · 2015Article
- Associations Between the Big Five Personality Traits and the Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs for Cognitive Enhancement.Frontiers in psychology · 2015Article
- Article
- The Complexity of Neuroenhancement and the Adoption of a Social Cognitive Perspective.Frontiers in psychology · 2015Article
- Modeling students' instrumental (mis-) use of substances to enhance cognitive performance: Neuroenhancement in the light of job demands-resources theory.BioPsychoSocial medicine · 2014Article
- Attitudes toward pharmacological cognitive enhancement-a review.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2014Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe use of cognitive enhancement (CE) by means of pharmaceutical agents has been the subject of intense debate both among scientists and in the media. This study investigates several drivers of and obstacles to the willingness to use prescription drugs non-medically for augmenting brain capacity.
methodsWe conducted a web-based study among 2,877 students from randomly selected disciplines at German universities. Using a factorial survey, respondents expressed their willingness to take various hypothetical CE-drugs; the drugs were described by five experimentally varied characteristics and the social environment by three varied characteristics. Personal characteristics and demographic controls were also measured.
resultsWe found that 65.3% of the respondents staunchly refused to use CE-drugs. The results of a multivariate negative binomial regression indicated that respondents' willingness to use CE-drugs increased if the potential drugs promised a significant augmentation of mental capacity and a high probability of achieving this augmentation. Willingness decreased when there was a high probability of side effects and a high price. Prevalent CE-drug use among peers increased willingness, whereas a social environment that strongly disapproved of these drugs decreased it. Regarding the respondents' characteristics, pronounced academic procrastination, high cognitive test anxiety, low intrinsic motivation, low internalization of social norms against CE-drug use, and past experiences with CE-drugs increased willingness. The potential severity of side effects, social recommendations about using CE-drugs, risk preferences, and competencies had no measured effects upon willingness.
conclusionsThese findings contribute to understanding factors that influence the willingness to use CE-drugs. They support the assumption of instrumental drug use and may contribute to the development of prevention, policy, and educational strategies.
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