ArticleEvolution, medicine, and public health2013
Microbial 'Old Friends', immunoregulation and stress resilience.
Article in Evolution, medicine, and public health, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07660107 (Clinical Trial of Oral Supplementation With Novel Mycolicibacterium), which is not on this map. Cited by 106 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Clinical Trial of Oral Supplementation With Novel Mycolicibacterium (KGA-10)
Who cites it
106 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 236 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Gut Microbiome and Residential Surrounding Greenness: a Systematic Review of Epidemiological Evidence.Current environmental health reports · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of balneotherapy and spa therapy on levels of cortisol as a stress biomarker: a systematic review.International journal of biometeorology · 2018Pooled it
- Long-Term Effects of Mountain Hiking vs. Forest Therapy on Physical and Mental Health of Couples: A Randomized Controlled Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Trial
- Impact of outdoor nature-related activities on gut microbiota, fecal serotonin, and perceived stress in preschool children: the Play&Grow randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2020Trial
- A novel soil-derived Mycolicibacterium decreases anxiety-like defensive behavioral responses in association with decreases in biomarkers of neuroinflammation and hippocampal microglial priming in adult male rats.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- Urbanization-Associated Microbial Diversity Loss and Its Impact on Elderly Health: Integrating Environmental and Host Microbiome Dynamics.Environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Neighborhood Greenspace Enhances Cardiopulmonary Function in Healthy Older Adults: A Multiomics Analysis from the BAPE Study.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- Air pollution from livestock farms and lung function decline in neighboring residents over 7 years.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Integrating Ultimate and Proximate Explanations of Neurodivergence: Evolutionary Trade-Offs, Compensation, and Clinical Expression.Evolutionary applications · 2026Article
- Homo sapiens, industrialisation and the environmental mismatch hypothesis.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2026Review
- Symptom Severity, Body Image Dissatisfaction, and Movement Behaviors in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Analysis of Quality of Life Determinants.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Exposures in Indoor Air Affecting Health.Allergy · 2026Review
- Review
- Early-life microbiota exposure and prevention of childhood asthma: immunological mechanisms and intervention perspectives.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Review
- The association between preschoolers' retinal microcirculation and the indoor microbial environment: results of the ENVIRONAGE birth cohort.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Lactobacillus crispatus KBL693 alleviates atopic dermatitis symptoms through immune modulation.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2025Article
- Mapping and Cataloguing Microbial and Biochemical Determinants of Health: Towards a 'Database of Salutogenic Potential'.Microbial biotechnology · 2025Article
- Review
- Physical Activity and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: The Role of Evolutionary Mismatch in Chronic Disease Risk.American journal of biological anthropology · 2025Article
- Soil-Transmitted Helminths and the Intricacies of Immunoregulation: Evidence From Amazonian Ecuador for the Importance of Considering Species-Specific Effects Within the Old Friends Hypothesis.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2025Article
46 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases (autoimmunity, allergy and inflammatory bowel diseases) are increasing in prevalence in urban communities in high-income countries. One important factor is reduced exposure to immunoregulation-inducing macro- and microorganisms and microbiota that accompanied mammalian evolution (the hygiene hypothesis or 'Old Friends' mechanism). Reduced exposure to these organisms predisposes to poor regulation of inflammation. But inflammation is equally relevant to psychiatric disorders. Inflammatory mediators modulate brain development, cognition and mood, and accompany low socioeconomic status and some cases of depression in developed countries. The risk of all these conditions (chronic inflammatory and psychiatric) is increased in urban versus rural communities, and increased in immigrants, particularly if they move from a low- to a high-income country during infancy, and often the prevalence increases further in second generation immigrants, suggesting that critical exposures modulating disease risk occur during pregnancy and infancy. Diminished exposure to immunoregulation-inducing Old Friends in the perinatal period may enhance the consequences of psychosocial stressors, which induce increased levels of inflammatory mediators, modulate the microbiota and increase the risk for developing all known psychiatric conditions. In later life, the detrimental effects of psychosocial stressors may be exaggerated when the stress occurs against a background of reduced immunoregulation, so that more inflammation (and therefore more psychiatric symptoms) result from any given level of psychosocial stress. This interaction between immunoregulatory deficits and psychosocial stressors may lead to reduced stress resilience in modern urban communities. This concept suggests novel interpretations of recent epidemiology, and novel approaches to the increasing burden of psychiatric disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.