Trial reportJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2014
Galectin-9 signaling through TIM-3 is involved in neutrophil-mediated Gram-negative bacterial killing: an effect abrogated within the cystic fibrosis lung.
Trial report in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular exploration of host-pathogen interactions in severeFrontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Altered Degranulation and pH of Neutrophil Phagosomes Impacts Antimicrobial Efficiency in Cystic Fibrosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Trial
- Galectin-9Aging cell · 2026Article
- Walking the tightrope: Balancing immune checkpoints and their inhibitors in host defence against bacterial infections.Journal of applied biomedicine · 2026Review
- The Challenges of Detecting Neutrophil CFTR.Journal of innate immunity · 2026Review
- GM-CSF ameliorates inflammation from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a juvenile mouse model of burn injury.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2025Article
- Galectin-9-An Emerging Glyco-Immune Checkpoint Target for Cancer Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Expression of Tim-3 on neutrophils as a novel indicator to assess disease activity and severity in ankylosing spondylitis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- The regulating role of galectin-9 in immune cell populations.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
- Extracellular vesicles derived from nasopharyngeal carcinoma induce the emergence of mature regulatory dendritic cells using a galectin-9 dependent mechanism.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2023Article
- Deficient Complement Opsonization Impairs Mycobacterium avium Killing by Neutrophils in Cystic Fibrosis.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- T lymphocytes induce human cancer cells derived from solid malignant tumors to secrete galectin-9 which facilitates immunosuppression in cooperation with other immune checkpoint proteins.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2023Article
- Galectin-9 Expression is Correlated to Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression and Overall Survival.OncoTargets and therapy · 2023Article
- Galectokines: The Promiscuous Relationship between Galectins and Cytokines.Biomolecules · 2022Review
- Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species in Human Neutrophils Under Various Conditions of Exposure to Galectin.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2022Article
- Galectin-9 Triggers Neutrophil-Mediated Anticancer Immunity.Biomedicines · 2021Article
- A human receptor occupancy assay to measure anti-PD-1 binding in patients with prior anti-PD-1.Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology · 2021Article
- Molecular Identification and mRNA Expression Profiles of Galectin-9 Gene in Red Sea Bream (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Article
- Identification of Common Genes and Pathways in Eight Fibrosis Diseases.Frontiers in genetics · 2020Article
- Galectin-9 Is a Possible Promoter of Immunopathology in Rheumatoid Arthritis by Activation of Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase 4 (PAD-4) in Granulocytes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The T cell Ig and mucin domain-containing molecule (TIM) family of receptors have emerged as potential therapeutic targets to correct abnormal immune function in chronic inflammatory conditions. TIM-3 serves as a functional receptor in structural cells of the airways and via the ligand galectin-9 (Gal-9) can modulate the inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to investigate TIM-3 expression and function in neutrophils, focusing on its potential role in cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. Results revealed that TIM-3 mRNA and protein expression values of circulating neutrophils were equal between healthy controls (n = 20) and people with CF (n = 26). TIM-3 was detected on resting neutrophil membranes by FACS analysis, and expression levels significantly increased post IL-8 or TNF-α exposure (p < 0.05). Our data suggest a novel role for TIM-3/Gal-9 signaling involving modulation of cytosolic calcium levels. Via TIM-3 interaction, Gal-9 induced neutrophil degranulation and primed the cell for enhanced NADPH oxidase activity. Killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was significantly increased upon bacterial opsonization with Gal-9 (p < 0.05), an effect abrogated by blockade of TIM-3 receptors. This mechanism appeared to be Gram-negative bacteria specific and mediated via Gal-9/ LPS binding. Additionally, we have demonstrated that neutrophil TIM-3/Gal-9 signaling is perturbed in the CF airways due to proteolytic degradation of the receptor. In conclusion, results suggest a novel neutrophil defect potentially contributing to the defective bacterial clearance observed in the CF airways and suggest that manipulation of the TIM-3 signaling pathway may be of therapeutic value in CF, preferably in conjunction with antiprotease treatment.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.