Evidence map›Paper›PMID 24477278›Full record

SynthesisJAMA dermatology2014

International prevalence of indoor tanning: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Mackenzie R Wehner, Mary-Margaret Chren, Danielle Nameth, Aditi Choudhry, Matthew Gaskins, Kevin T Nead, W John Boscardin, Eleni Linos

Erratum issuedAbstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in JAMA dermatology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 97 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
97citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

97 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Review of interventions to reduce ultraviolet tanning: Need for treatments targeting excessive tanning, an emerging addictive behavior.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2017
    Pooled it
  5. Effects of a Tailored Mobile Messaging Intervention for Indoor Tanning Cessation in Young Females: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2025
    Trial
  6. Trial
  7. Trial
  8. A Web-Based Intervention to Reduce Indoor Tanning Motivations in Adolescents: a Randomized Controlled Trial.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2017
    Trial
  9. The influence of framed messages and self-affirmation on indoor tanning behavioral intentions in 18- to 30-year-old women.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2016
    Trial
  10. Trial
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Review
  15. Tans, Bans, and Sedans: How Distance from Tanning Beds May Save Lives.The Journal of investigative dermatology · 2025
    Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article

37 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

  • Erratum issued
5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Mackenzie R WehnerDepartment of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco2Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California3Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.
Mary-Margaret ChrenDepartment of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco4Department of Dermatology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California.
Danielle NamethUniversity of California, Berkeley.
Aditi ChoudhryDepartment of Internal Medicine, John Muir Medical Center, Walnut Creek, California.
Matthew GaskinsDepartment of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.
Kevin T NeadStanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
W John BoscardinDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco.
Eleni LinosDepartment of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco.

Funding

CTSA: K12 COMPONENTKL2RR024130 · NCRR · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI JOHNSTON, S. CLAIBORNE · 2006 to 2011
$19.3M
Clinical and Transtional Science InstituteKL2TR000143 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI GRANDIS, JENNIFER RUBIN · 2012 to 2015
$11.9M
Patient-Oriented Research in Skin DiseasesK24AR052667 · NIAMS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI CHREN, MARY-MARGARET · 2005 to 2014
$1.8M
Long-Term Outcomes of Nonmelanoma Skin CancerR01AR054983 · NIAMS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI CHREN, MARY-MARGARET · 2006 to 2009
$1.5M
NCATS NIH HHS KL2 TR000143NCRR NIH HHS KL2 RR024130NCRR NIH HHS KL2RR024130NIAMS NIH HHS K24 AR052667NIAMS NIH HHS R01 AR 054983NIAMS NIH HHS R01 AR054983
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

importanceIndoor tanning is a known carcinogen, but the scope of exposure to this hazard is not known.

objectiveTo summarize the international prevalence of exposure to indoor tanning. DATA SOURCES: Studies were identified through systematic searches of PubMed (1966 to present), Scopus (1823 to present), and Web of Science (1898 to present) databases, last performed on March 16, 2013. We also hand searched reference lists to identify records missed by database searches and publicly available data not yet published in the scientific literature. STUDY SELECTION: Records reporting a prevalence of indoor tanning were eligible for inclusion. We excluded case-control studies, reports with insufficient study information, and reports of groups recruited using factors related to indoor tanning. Two independent investigators performed searches and study selection. Our search yielded 1976 unique records. After exclusions, 161 records were assessed for eligibility in full text, and 88 were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two independent investigators extracted data on characteristics of study participants, inclusion/exclusion criteria, data collection format, outcomes, and statistical methods. Random-effects meta-analyses were used to summarize the prevalence of indoor tanning in different age categories. We calculated the population proportional attributable risk of indoor tanning in the United States, Europe, and Australia for nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and melanoma. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Ever and past-year exposure to indoor tanning.

resultsThe summary prevalence of ever exposure was 35.7% (95% CI, 27.5%-44.0%) for adults, 55.0% (33.0%-77.1%) for university students, and 19.3% (14.7%-24.0%) for adolescents. The summary prevalence of past-year exposure was 14.0% (95% CI, 11.5%-16.5%) for adults, 43.1% (21.7%-64.5%) for university students, and 18.3% (12.6%-24.0%) for adolescents. These results included data from 406 696 participants. The population proportional attributable risk were 3.0% to 21.8% for NMSC and 2.6% to 9.4% for melanoma, corresponding to more than 450 000 NMSC cases and more than 10 000 melanoma cases each year attributable to indoor tanning in the United States, Europe, and Australia. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Exposure to indoor tanning is common in Western countries, especially among young persons. Given the large number of skin cancer cases attributable to indoor tanning, these findings highlight a major public health issue.

Indexed as

AustraliaBasal Cell CarcinomaBeauty CultureCanadaCarcinoma, Squamous CellCosmetic TechniquesEuropeHumansMelanomaRisk AssessmentSkin NeoplasmsSunbathingSuntanUltraviolet RaysUnited States

Identifiers

PMID24477278
PMCPMC4117411

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.