Evidence map›Paper›PMID 24476560›Full record

Trial reportPublic health nutrition2014

Impacts of the Primary School Free Breakfast Initiative on socio-economic inequalities in breakfast consumption among 9-11-year-old schoolchildren in Wales.

Graham F Moore, Simon Murphy, Katherine Chaplin, Ronan A Lyons, Mark Atkinson, Laurence Moore

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Public health nutrition, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
31citing papers in PubMed, 7 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

31 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  8. Trial
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  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Food insecurity in children and young people in Scotland.The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society · 2024
    Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Review
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  19. The effect of Public Health/Pediatric Obesity interventions on socioeconomic inequalities in childhood obesity: A scoping review.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2019
    Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Graham F Moore1 DECIPHer, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, 1-3 Museum Place, Cardiff CF10 3BD, UK.
Simon Murphy1 DECIPHer, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, 1-3 Museum Place, Cardiff CF10 3BD, UK.
Katherine Chaplin2 School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Ronan A Lyons3 Health Information Research Unit, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
Mark Atkinson3 Health Information Research Unit, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
Laurence Moore1 DECIPHer, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, 1-3 Museum Place, Cardiff CF10 3BD, UK.

Funding

British Heart FoundationCancer Research UKChief Scientist Office SPHSU1Department of HealthMedical Research Council G0701875Medical Research Council MC_UU_12017/4Medical Research Council MR/K006525/1Medical Research Council MR/K023233/1Wellcome TrustWellcome Trust WT087640MA
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesUniversal interventions may widen or narrow inequalities if disproportionately effective among higher or lower socio-economic groups. The present paper examines impacts of the Primary School Free Breakfast Initiative in Wales on inequalities in children's dietary behaviours and cognitive functioning.

designCluster-randomised controlled trial. Responses were linked to free school meal (FSM) entitlement via the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage databank. Impacts on inequalities were evaluated using weighted school-level regression models with interaction terms for intervention × whole-school percentage FSM entitlement and intervention × aggregated individual FSM entitlement. Individual-level regression models included interaction terms for intervention × individual FSM entitlement.

settingFifty-five intervention and fifty-six wait-list control primary schools. SUBJECTS: Approximately 4500 children completed measures of dietary behaviours and cognitive tests at baseline and 12-month follow-up.

resultsSchool-level models indicated that children in intervention schools ate a greater number of healthy items for breakfast than children in control schools (b = 0·25; 95 % CI 0·07, 0·44), with larger increases observed in more deprived schools (interaction term b = 1·76; 95 % CI 0·36, 3·16). An interaction between intervention and household-level deprivation was not significant. Despite no main effects on breakfast skipping, a significant interaction was observed, indicating declines in breakfast skipping in more deprived schools (interaction term b = -0·07; 95 % CI -0·15, -0·00) and households (OR = 0·67; 95 % CI 0·46, 0·98). No significant influence on inequality was observed for the remaining outcomes.

conclusionsUniversal breakfast provision may reduce socio-economic inequalities in consumption of healthy breakfast items and breakfast skipping. There was no evidence of intervention-generated inequalities in any outcomes.

Indexed as

BreakfastDietFood AssistanceFood ServicesPovertySchoolsChildCognitionFamily CharacteristicsHumansRegression AnalysisSocioeconomic FactorsWales

Identifiers

PMID24476560
PMCPMC4014862

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.