Trial reportThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2014
Pharmacokinetics of human chorionic gonadotropin injection in obese and normal-weight women.
Trial report in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Translational interdisciplinary research on human chorionic gonadotropin's enhancement of neuroendocrine crosstalk: a novel medical hypothesis for systemic adjunctive treatment of psychiatric disorders.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Adverse effects of dorsogluteal intramuscular injection versus ventrogluteal intramuscular injection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Nursing open · 2023Pooled it
- Periconceptional biomarkers for maternal obesity: a systematic review.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2023Pooled it
- Empty Follicle Syndrome: Current Therapeutic Approaches and the Role of Triggering Agents in Assisted Reproductive Technology.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Factors influencing serum hCG negativization timing in gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.American journal of cancer research · 2025Article
- Chemotherapy and Anticancer Drugs Adjustment in Obesity: A Narrative Review.Current medicinal chemistry · 2023Review
- First-in-human trial assessing the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic profile of a novel recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin in healthy women and men of reproductive age.Clinical and translational science · 2021Article
- The effect of weight and body mass index on serum progesterone values and live birth rate in cryopreserved in vitro fertilization cycles.F&S reports · 2021Article
- Predictive factors for intrauterine insemination outcomes: a review.Fertility research and practice · 2020Review
- Confounding and effect measure modification in reproductive medicine research.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2020Article
- Determinants of the hCG Concentration in the Early Luteal Phase After Final Maturation of Follicles With Bolus Trigger of Recombinant hCG.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2020Article
- Modern pharmacological treatment of obese patients.Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism · 2020Review
- Factors predicting clinical pregnancy rate of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (a STROBE-compliant article).Medicine · 2019Observational
- Novel Concepts for Inducing Final Oocyte Maturation in In Vitro Fertilization Treatment.Endocrine reviews · 2018Review
- Human chorionic gonadotropin serum levels following ovulation triggering and IVF cycle outcome.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2018Observational
- A narrative review of the success of intramuscular gluteal injections and its impact in psychiatry.Bio-design and manufacturing · 2018Review
- Serum hCG Levels following the Ovulatory Injection: Associations with Patient Weight and Implantation Time.Obstetrics and gynecology international · 2015Article
- The optimal choice of medication administration route regarding intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injection.Patient preference and adherence · 2015Review
- Low-Dose Urinary Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Is Effective for Oocyte Maturation inInternational journal of fertility & sterilityArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
contextObese women have poorer in vitro fertilization outcomes, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear.
objectiveThe objectives of the study were to compare the pharmacokinetics of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and ovarian steroid hormone production, after subcutaneous (s.c.) and intramuscular (i.m.) injection of hCG in obese and normal-weight women. DESIGN AND
settingThis was a randomized, experimental study. PATIENTS OR OTHER
participantsTwenty-two women aged 18-42 years with body mass index of 18.5-24.9 (normal) or 30-40 kg/m(2) (obese).
interventionsParticipants received im urinary hCG or s.c. recombinant hCG and returned for a second injection type after a 4-week washout. Intramuscular injections were performed under ultrasound guidance. Blood was taken 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, and 36 hours after injection.
main outcome measureshCG was measured at each time point; estradiol, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), testosterone (T), dehydroepiandrosterone, and SHBG were measured at 0 and 36 hours.
resultsTwenty-two women completed the study. In both normal-weight and obese women, peak serum concentration (Cmax), area under the curve (AUC), and average hCG concentration were higher after i.m. injection as compared with s.c. injection (all P < .003). Obese women had markedly lower Cmax, AUC, and average hCG concentration after s.c. injection as compared with normal-weight women (P = .02, P = .009, and P = .008, respectively). After i.m. injection, Cmax, AUC, and average concentration were similar for normal-weight and obese women (P = .31, P = .25, and P = .18, respectively). Thirty-six percent of obese women had muscular layers beyond the reach of a standard 1.5 inch needle. hCG caused a significant rise in 17-OHP in both obese and normal-weight women and an increase in T in obese but not normal-weight women (all P < .04).
conclusionsSubcutaneous injection yields lower hCG levels in obese women. Standard-length needles are insufficient to administer i.m. injections in many obese women.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.