ArticlePloS one2014
Bacillus subtilis spores as vaccine adjuvants: further insights into the mechanisms of action.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05999955 (An Open-label, Randomized, Active-controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety of Postbiotic Nasal Spray Using Inactivated DSM32444 Spores in the Treatment of Acute Rhinosinusitis, as Compared With Neomycin/ Dexamethasone/Xylometazoline Spray), which is not on this map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
An Open-label, Randomized, Active-controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety of Postbiotic Nasal Spray Using Inactivated DSM32444 Spores in the Treatment of Acute Rhinosinusitis, as Compared With Neomycin/ Dexamethasone/Xylometazoline Spray
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 83 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Surface display of Nocardia seriolae HRP1 on Bacillus subtilis and its application as live vaccine for largemouth bass.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Immunization with InactivatedVaccines · 2025Article
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- Surface display of LukF-PV onFuture microbiology · 2025Article
- Nanotechnology-driven advances in intranasal vaccine delivery systems against infectious diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Development of a spore-based mucosal vaccine against the bovine respiratory pathogen Mannheimia haemolytica.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Prophylactic immunization to Helicobacter pylori infection using spore vectored vaccines.Helicobacter · 2023Article
- Creating a Vaccine-like Supplement against Respiratory Infection Using RecombinantMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
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- Intranasal Treatment of Ferrets with Inert Bacterial Spores Reduces Disease Caused by a Challenging H7N9 Avian Influenza Virus.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Bacillus subtilis spores as delivery system for nasal Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite surface protein immunization in a murine model.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Oral vaccination of fish against vibriosis using spore-display technology.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
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- Bacillus Toyonensis BCT-7112Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2021Article
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis spores have received growing attention regarding potential biotechnological applications, including the use as probiotics and in vaccine formulations. B. subtilis spores have also been shown to behave as particulate vaccine adjuvants, promoting the increase of antibody responses after co-administration with antigens either admixed or adsorbed on the spore surface. In this study, we further evaluated the immune modulatory properties of B. subtilis spores using a recombinant HIV gag p24 protein as a model antigen. The adjuvant effects of B. subtilis spores were not affected by the genetic background of the mouse lineage and did not induce significant inflammatory or deleterious effects after parenteral administration. Our results demonstrated that co-administration, but not adsorption to the spore surface, enhanced the immunogenicity of that target antigen after subcutaneous administration to BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Spores promoted activation of antigen presenting cells as demonstrated by the upregulation of MHC and CD40 molecules and enhanced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by murine dendritic cells. In addition, in vivo studies indicated a direct role of the innate immunity on the immunomodulatory properties of B. subtilis spores, as demonstrated by the lack of adjuvant effects on MyD88 and TLR2 knockout mouse strains.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.