ArticleJournal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine2014
Risk of several cancers is higher in urban areas after adjusting for socioeconomic status. Results from a two-country population-based study of 18 common cancers.
Article in Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- Is Population Density Associated with Non-Communicable Disease in Western Developed Countries? A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Geographical Variations in Prostate Cancer Outcomes: A Systematic Review of International Evidence.Frontiers in oncology · 2019Pooled it
- Heterogeneity in the Relationship between Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water and Cancer: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Pooled it
- Marine microplastic pollution and cancer incidence from 2013 to 2021 in US coastal counties: an ecological analysis.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2026Article
- Association Between Menopausal Hormone Therapy and the Risk of Urologic Cancer: A National Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study in Korea.Journal of Korean medical science · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Care Proximity Influence Stage at Presentation in Head and Neck Cancer.Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Article
- Rural-urban and educational gradients in head and neck cancer incidence in Finland from 1977 to 2021.Acta oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden) · 2025Article
- Breast cancer mortality in Romania: trends, regional and rural-urban inequalities, and policy implications.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Routes to Diagnosis in Lung Cancer-Do Socio-Demographics Matter? An English Population-Based Study.Cancers · 2025Article
- Rural-Urban Disparities in Cancer Care-Analyzing Routinely Collected Patient-Reported Outcomes. A Cross-Sectional Study.Cancer medicine · 2025Article
- Incidence Rates and Time Trends of Skin Cancer in Golestan Province, Northeastern Iran, 2005-2018.Archives of Iranian medicine · 2024Article
- Diverging likelihood of colon and rectal cancer in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: A cross sectional study.PloS one · 2024Article
- How is equity captured for colorectal, breast and cervical cancer incidence and screening in the Republic of Ireland: A review.Preventive medicine reports · 2023Review
- The CryoPop study: Screening for high-grade cervical dysplasia in Karnataka, India.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2023Article
- Effect of Test History at Ages 50-64 on Later Cervical Cancer Risk: A Population-based Case-control Study.Cancer research communications · 2023Article
- Article
- Small-Area Geographic and Socioeconomic Inequalities in Colorectal Cancer in Cyprus.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Urban density differences in colorectal cancer screening participation and screening yield in The Netherlands.Preventive medicine reports · 2022Article
- Cutaneous malignant melanoma incidence is strongly associated with European depigmented skin type regardless of ambient ultraviolet radiation levels: evidence from Worldwide population-based data.AIMS public health · 2022Article
- The global burden of skin cancer: A longitudinal analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990-2017.JAAD international · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Some studies suggest that there are urban-rural variations in cancer incidence but whether these simply reflect urban-rural socioeconomic variation is unclear. We investigated whether there were urban-rural variations in the incidence of 18 cancers, after adjusting for socioeconomic status. Cancers diagnosed between 1995 and 2007 were extracted from the population-based National Cancer Registry Ireland and Northern Ireland Cancer Registry and categorised by urban-rural status, based on population density of area of residence at diagnosis (rural <1 person per hectare, intermediate 1-15 people per hectare, urban >15 people per hectare). Relative risks (RR) were calculated by negative binomial regression, adjusting for age, country and three area-based markers of socioeconomic status. Risks were significantly higher in both sexes in urban than rural residents with head and neck (males RR urban vs. rural = 1.53, 95 % CI 1.42-1.64; females RR = 1.29, 95 % CI 1.15-1.45), esophageal (males 1.21, 1.11-1.31; females 1.21, 1.08-1.35), stomach (males 1.36, 1.27-1.46; females 1.19, 1.08-1.30), colorectal (males 1.14, 1.09-1.18; females 1.04, 1.00-1.09), lung (males 1.54, 1.47-1.61; females 1.74, 1.65-1.84), non-melanoma skin (males 1.13, 1.10-1.17; females 1.23, 1.19-1.27) and bladder (males 1.30, 1.21-1.39; females 1.31, 1.17-1.46) cancers. Risks of breast, cervical, kidney and brain cancer were significantly higher in females in urban areas. Prostate cancer risk was higher in rural areas (0.94, 0.90-0.97). Other cancers showed no significant urban-rural differences. After adjusting for socioeconomic variation, urban-rural differences were evident for 12 of 18 cancers. Variations in healthcare utilization and known risk factors likely explain some of the observed associations. Explanations for others are unclear and, in the interests of equity, warrant further investigation.
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