ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2014
Persistent HIV-1 replication is associated with lower antiretroviral drug concentrations in lymphatic tissues.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02707926 (The Lymphoid Tissue Pharmacology of Antiretroviral Drugs), which is not on this map. Cited by 450 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Lymphoid Tissue Pharmacology of Antiretroviral Drugs
Who cites it
450 citing papers in PubMed, 648 citations in OpenAlex.
- Doubling dolutegravir dosage reduces the viral reservoir in ART-treated people with HIV.eLife · 2026Trial
- Impact of Dolutegravir Plus Lamivudine as First-line Antiretroviral Treatment on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reservoir and Inflammatory Markers in Peripheral Blood.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Long-term effects on immunological, inflammatory markers, and HIV-1 reservoir after switching to a two-drug versus maintaining a three-drug regimen based on integrase inhibitors.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Trial
- Evaluating immunological and inflammatory changes of treatment-experienced people living with HIV switching from first-line triple cART regimens to DTG/3TCFrontiers in immunology · 2023Trial
- Paradoxically Greater Persistence of HIV RNA-Positive Cells in Lymphoid Tissue When ART Is Initiated in the Earliest Stage of Infection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Trial
- HIV-1 in lymph nodes is maintained by cellular proliferation during antiretroviral therapy.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2019Trial
- A favorable follicular helper CD4+ T cell programming characterizes neutralization activity in chronic HIV infection.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Multi-omics links microbial dysbiosis, systemic inflammation, and metabolomic disruptions to SNAE risk in treated HIV.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Hiding in Plain Sight: HIV-1 Membraneless Organelles as Nuclear Hubs-Host Hijacking, Replication, Immune Evasion, and Drug-Access Implications.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- CD56bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- First-line dolutegravir/lamivudine penetrates lymph nodes and reduces HIV reservoirs comparably to triple therapy.Research square · 2026Article
- A novel measure of antiretroviral activity in cerebrospinal fluid and association with HIV persistence and cognitive function.AIDS (London, England) · 2026Article
- The Gut-Immune Axis in Treated HIV Infection: From Mucosal Damage to Chronic Inflammation and Therapeutic Opportunities-A Clinician-Oriented Narrative Review.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Multi-omics links microbial dysbiosis, systemic inflammation and metabolomic disruptions to SNAE risk in treated HIV.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Molecular Regulation of HIV-1 Expression and Persistence Across Diverse Cellular Reservoirs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Inflammatory Biomarkers Decay After First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation With Dolutegravir/Lamivudine or Bictegravir/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide in Persons With HIV: A Substudy of a Randomized Clinical Trial.Health science reports · 2026Article
- HIV-producing resting T cells monopolize virus production, associated PANoptosis, and persistence in lymphoid tissue.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Modeling HIV infection, treatment, rebound, and intervention in human immune organoids.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- HIV persistence in tissues on dolutegravir-based therapy is not associated with resistance mutations to dolutegravir.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Ongoing lymphoid HIV production drives pyroptosis and GLP-1 counter-regulation in ART-suppressed infection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
390 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy can reduce HIV-1 to undetectable levels in peripheral blood, but the effectiveness of treatment in suppressing replication in lymphoid tissue reservoirs has not been determined. Here we show in lymph node samples obtained before and during 6 mo of treatment that the tissue concentrations of five of the most frequently used antiretroviral drugs are much lower than in peripheral blood. These lower concentrations correlated with continued virus replication measured by the slower decay or increases in the follicular dendritic cell network pool of virions and with detection of viral RNA in productively infected cells. The evidence of persistent replication associated with apparently suboptimal drug concentrations argues for development and evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies that will fully suppress viral replication in lymphatic tissues. These strategies could avert the long-term clinical consequences of chronic immune activation driven directly or indirectly by low-level viral replication to thereby improve immune reconstitution.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.