ArticleBone2014
Bone cell-independent benefits of raloxifene on the skeleton: a novel mechanism for improving bone material properties.
Article in Bone, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 96 citations in OpenAlex.
- The comparison of alendronate and raloxifene after denosumab (CARD) study: A comparative efficacy trial.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2024Trial
- Article
- Raloxifene injections normalize age-related mechanical sensitization in female and male mice and augment intervertebral disc structure in old female mice.Osteoarthritis and cartilage · 2026Article
- Bone Fragility: Time to Address the Matrix.Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research · 2026Article
- Thiofunctionalization of Silyl Enol Ether: An Efficient Approach for the Synthesis ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Water and ions binding to extracellular matrix drives stress relaxation, aiding MRI detection of swelling-associated pathology.Nature biomedical engineering · 2025Article
- UTE MRI technical developments and applications in osteoporosis: a review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Bone Quality and Mineralization and Effects of Treatment in Osteogenesis Imperfecta.Calcified tissue international · 2024Review
- Article
- Synthesis Studies and the Evaluation of CACS medicinal chemistry letters · 2024Article
- Osteoporosis treatments for intervertebral disc degeneration and back pain: a perspective.JBMR plus · 2024Article
- Article
- Elucidating the role of water in collagen self-assembly by isotopically modulating collagen hydration.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Effects of novel raloxifene analogs alone or in combination with mechanical loading in the Col1a2Bone · 2024Article
- Article
- Making the invisible visible-ultrashort echo time magnetic resonance imaging: Technical developments and applications.Applied physics reviews · 2022Review
- Damping Behaviour and Mechanical Properties of Restorative Materials for Primary Teeth.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Bone hydration: How we can evaluate it, what can it tell us, and is it an effective therapeutic target?Bone reports · 2022Article
- Raloxifene Stimulates Estrogen Signaling to Protect Against Age- and Sex-Related Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in Mice.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2022Article
- Immersion in Raloxifene does not significantly improve bone toughness or screw pull-out strength in multiple in vitro models.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Raloxifene is an FDA approved agent used to treat bone loss and decrease fracture risk. In clinical trials and animal studies, raloxifene reduces fracture risk and improves bone mechanical properties, but the mechanisms of action remain unclear because these benefits occur largely independent of changes to bone mass. Using a novel experimental approach, machined bone beams, both from mature male canine and human male donors, were depleted of living cells and then exposed to raloxifene ex vivo. Our data show that ex vivo exposure of non-viable bone to raloxifene improves intrinsic toughness, both in canine and human cortical bone beams tested by 4-point bending. These effects are cell-independent and appear to be mediated by an increase in matrix bound water, assessed using basic gravimetric weighing and sophisticated ultrashort echo time magnetic resonance imaging. The hydroxyl groups (OH) on raloxifene were shown to be important in both the water and toughness increases. Wide and small angle X-ray scattering patterns during 4-pt bending show that raloxifene alters the transfer of load between the collagen matrix and the mineral crystals, placing lower strains on the mineral, and allowing greater overall deformation prior to failure. Collectively, these findings provide a possible mechanistic explanation for the therapeutic effect of raloxifene and more importantly identify a cell-independent mechanism that can be utilized for novel pharmacological approaches for enhancing bone strength.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.